Proteins Flashcards
The word proteins was coined by a Dutch chemist?
G. J. Mulder
The word proteins was coined by a Dutch chemist G. J. Mulder and originated from the Greek word?
“proteios”
The word proteins was coined by a Dutch chemist G. J. Mulder and originated from the Greek word “proteios”, meaning?
first or most important
are organic compounds made up of different building blocks (basic units) called amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Proteins
Proteins are organic compounds made up of different building blocks (basic units) called?
amino acids
Proteins are organic compounds made up of different building blocks (basic units) called amino acids joined together by what bond?
peptide bonds
contains one peptide bond and two amino acids
dipeptide
contains three amino acids and two peptide bonds.
tripeptide
peptide with more than ten amino acids is called?
polypeptide
The structure of a protein is determined first by the sequence of individual amino acids it has in the polypeptide chain. This is also called?
The primary structure of the protein
are vital for life and are the major structural components of animal tissues
Proteins
proteins are also involved in?
- biochemical (e.g., enzymes),
- immunological (e.g., immunoglobulins)
- transportational (e.g., lipoproteins)
- regulatory (e.g., hormones) activities
can also provide energy when needed.
Proteins
Many of the structures in animal tissue (e.g., muscle) and metabolic reactions in our body (e.g., enzymes, hormones) are catalyzed by
proteins
This synthesis is essential for maintaining life process
protein synthesis
Provision of adequate dietary protein and amino acids are essential for maintaining growth, health, and productivity of?
food-producing animals.
can synthesize proteins from nonprotein sources in ruminant animals.
Intestinal microflora
vary with life stages and are high during phases of fast growth in young animals and during pregnancy and lactation.
Protein requirements
Like other macronutrients, proteins contain?
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
also contain nitrogen and sulfur
proteins
makes proteins very unique in animal nutrition with respect to its digestibility, metabolism, and disposal within the animal body
nitrogen
can be classified based on their shape; solubility in water, salt, acid, base, or alcohol; or according to the nature of the prosthetic group
Proteins
This proteins are soluble in water or dilute acids, bases, or alcohol
Globular proteins
(water soluble; present as albumen in egg white; in blood circulation, it performs various functions [e.g., as a carrier of lipids])
Albumin
This protein are insoluble in water and are resistant to digestive enzymes
Fibrous proteins
(can be converted to gelatin when heated; present in bone, teeth, tendons, and soft connective tissue)
Collagen
An examples of this protein are wool, hair, feather, hooves, horn
Keratins
This protein contain other nonprotein compounds in structure.
Conjugated proteins
(lipid-carrying protein)
Lipoproteins
(proteins with heme units)
Hemoprotein
(proteins with sugar)
Glycoproteins
(proteins bound to nucleic acid)
Nucleoprotein
These proteins have limited nutritional value but are important in biochemical, structural, and other metabolic functions.
- Globular proteins
- Fibrous proteins
- Conjugated proteins
is high in protein (keratin) but very low in digestibility and is of limited use in animal nutrition as a feed ingredient.
feather meal
Amino acids in the polypeptide chain in feather meal forms what bond?
disulfide bonds (-S-S-)
which twist the polypeptide chain into a specific coiled structure such as helix or sheet
disulfide bonds (-S-S-)
What term is used describes the specific coiled shapes, like helixes or sheets, that amino acid chains form due to disulfide bonds in proteins?
secondary structure
These bonds make hooves and horns tough and harder to digest.
disulfide bonds (-S-S-)
When proteins are heated, their secondary structure changes because the heat breaks the weak bonds holding them together. This change is called?
denaturation
What term describes proteins in feed, such as trypsin inhibitor in soybean meal, that can interfere with digestion?
Antinutritional factor.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
How many different amino acids known to exist in nature
More than 300
How many amino acids are important constituents of animal proteins and are associated with muscles, connective tissues, skin, feathers, horns, blood, enzymes, and hormones
20
How many amino acids that should be present in the diet of animals because animal tissues cannot synthesize them or cannot make the adequate amount needed for metabolic functions
About 10
There about 10 amino acids that should be present in the diet of animals because animal tissues cannot synthesize them or cannot make the adequate amount needed for metabolic functions; these are called?
essential amino acids
These amino acids do not occur in animal tissues but are involved in cellular metabolic functions.
citrulline and ornithine
All amino acids by definition contain at least one?
amino group (-NH2) and one carboxyl group (–COOH)
This amino acid is lacking a free amino group.
Proline(imino acid)
the simplest of the amino acids
glycine
is the remainder of the molecule or any other group attached to the C atom.
R group
What is the R group of Glycine?
H group
provides basic properties to the amino acid
amino group (NH2)
provides acidic properties to the amino acid
carboxyl (COOH) group
What type of amino acids are important in animal nutrition?
Alpha (α) amino acids
What group makes alpha amino acids acidic?
Carboxylic acid group
What group makes alpha amino acids basic?
Amino group
To which carbon is the amino group attached in alpha amino acids?
The α-carbon (first carbon)
Amino acids can exist in two isomeric forms, the?
D- and L-isomers
The D- and L-amino acids differ in their configuration of groups around the?
asymmetric α-carbon
This isomeric form of amino acid are used in protein synthesis
L-amino acids
Only L-amino acids are used in protein synthesis, except?
methionine
is commonly used as an amino acid supplement in animal feeds.
DL methionine
All amino acids contain an asymmetric α-carbon (with four different chemical groups attached to it) except?
glycine
Compounds with asymmetric carbons can exist as?
isomers
amino acids need to be provided through diet in monogastric animals; these are called?
essential (indispensable) amino acids.
Pigs, dogs, and humans need a total of how many essential amino acids?
10
chickens and cats need a total of how many essential amino acids?
11
List of Essential Amino Acids and Their Common Abbreviations:
Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His)
Lysine (Lys)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Leucine (Leu)
Methionine (Met)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Threonine (Thr)
Tryptophan (Try)
Valine (Val)
Arg essentially and classification?
E & basic
His essentially and classification?
E & basic
Lys essentially and classification?
E & basic
Asp essentially and classification?
NE & acidic
Glu essentially and classification?
NE & adidic
Ala essentially and classification?
NE & aliphatic straigh chain
Gly essentially and classification?
E( chickens ) & netrual - aliphatic - straight chain
Ilu essentially and classification?
E & branched chain
Leu essentially and classification?
E & branched chain
Val essentially and classification?
E & branched chain
Thr essentially and classification?
E & branched chain
Ser essentially and classification?
NE & hydroxy
Cys essentially and classification?
NE & sulfur-contaning
Met essentially and classification?
E & sulfur-containing
Phe essentially and classification?
E & aromatic
Try essentially and classification?
E & aromatic
Tyr essentially and classification?
NE & aromatic
Hydro essentially and classification?
NE & imino acid
Pro essentially and classification?
NE & imino acid
