Proteins and Enzymes

Question 1

What are proteins made from?

Answer 1

Long chains of amino acid

Question 2

What are 4 things proteins are used for?

Answer 2

Structural tissue (muscle)
Hormones
Antibodies
Biological Catalysts (enzymes)

Question 3

What are enzymes?

Answer 3

Biological catalysts, produced by living things

Question 4

What are catalysts?

Answer 4

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

Question 5

Why is raising temperature not the best for increasing reaction time?

Answer 5

Speed up unwanted reactions

High temp can damage cells

Question 6

Why are enzymes > high temp?

Answer 6

Only speed up useful reactions in the body

Question 7

Why do enzymes only catalyse one reaction?

Answer 7

Substance has to fit its special shape

Question 8

What 2 things to chemical reactions do to the substance?

Answer 8

Split apart

Join them together

Question 9

What happens if temp is too high for enzymes?

Answer 9

Break bond holding enzyme together and denature

Question 10

What is often best PH for enzyme?

Answer 10

7 (neutral)

Question 11

What is best PH for stomach enzyme?

Answer 11

<7 (acidic)

Question 12

What is best PH for small intestine?

Answer 12

7< (alkali)

Question 13

What do digestive enzymes do?

Answer 13

Break down big molecules into smaller ones

Question 14

What 3 molecules are too big to pass through DS walls?

Answer 14

Starch
Proteins
Lipids (fats)

Question 15

What does starch break down to?

Answer 15

Sugars (maltose and dextrins)

Question 16

What enzyme breaks down starch?

Answer 16

Amylase

Question 17

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 17

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 18

What do proteins break down to?

Answer 18

Amin acids

Question 19

What enzyme breaks down protein?

Answer 19

Protease

Question 20

Where is protease made?

Answer 20

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 21

What do lipids break down to?

Answer 21

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Question 22

What enzyme breaks down lipids?

Answer 22

Lipase

Question 24

What is bile?

Answer 24

An alkaline

Question 25

Where is lipase made?

Answer 25

Pancreas

Small intestine

Question 26

Where is bile produced, stored and released?

Answer 26

Produced in liver Stored in gall bladder Released into small intestine

Question 28

Why are fats emulsified?

Answer 28

Larger surface area for lipase | Makes digestion faster

Question 29

Why does hydrochloric acid in stomach need to be neutralised?

Answer 29

Too acidic for enzymes in small intestine

Question 30

What happens in salivary glands?

Answer 30

Amylase enzyme is produced in saliva

Question 31

What happens in the stomach?

Answer 31

Food is pummelled by muscular walls Protease enzyme is produced Hydrochloric acid is produced

Question 32

What is protease enzyme called in the stomach?

Answer 32

Pepsin

Question 33

What are 2 reasons stomach produces hydrochloric acid?

Answer 33

Kill bacteria | Right pH for protease to work (pH2)

Question 34

What happens in the liver?

Answer 34

Bile is produced

Question 35

What happens in the gall bladder?

Answer 35

Bile is stored then realeased into small intestine

Question 36

What happens in the pancreas?

Answer 36

Protease, amylase and lipase is produced | Releases them into small intestine

Question 37

What happens in small intestine?

Answer 37

Produces protease, amylase and lipase | Digested food is absorbed into the blood

Question 38

What happens in large intestine?

Answer 38

Excess waters absorbed from food

Question 39

What happens in rectum?

Answer 39

``` Stores faeces (indigestible food) Faeces leaves through anus ```

Question 40

Why do micro organisms produce enzymes outside their body?

Answer 40

To digest food

Question 41

What enzymes are used in biological detergents and why?

Answer 41

Proteases and Lipases Because they break down food and plant matter and are ideal for removing food and blood stains

Question 42

Why are biological detergents > normal detergents?

Answer 42

Effective at low temperatures (30)

Question 43

Why are Proteases used in baby food?

Answer 43

To pre-digest the food so it's easier for baby to digest

Question 44

What enzyme turns starch syrup into sugar syrup?

Answer 44

Carbohydrases

Question 45

What enzyme turns glucose syrup into fructose syrup?

Answer 45

Isomerase

Question 46

Why is fructose syrup > glucose syrup?

Answer 46

Sweeter - so less is used, better for slimming food/drinks

Question 47

Why are enzymes used in industry?

Answer 47

Increase rate of reaction without high temp and pressure

Question 48

What are 4 advantages of industry enzymes?

Answer 48

Specific (only catalyse 1 reaction) Lower temp/pressure (cheaper) Reusable Biodegradable (less pollution)

Question 49

What are 4 disadvantages of industry enzymes?

Answer 49

Allergies Become Denatured Expensive to produce Can be contaminated

Question 50

What 2 things does bile do?

Answer 50

Neutralise stomach acid | Emulsify fats

Question 52

Where are enzymes in digestive system produced?

Answer 52

Specialised cells in glands and gut lining