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Biology: Additional > Division and Inheritance > Flashcards

Division and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Contains instructions to put an organism together and make it wokr

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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3
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long molecules of DNA

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4
Q

Where are chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus

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5
Q

What does a gene do?

A

contains instructions to make a specific protein

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6
Q

Where are genes?

A

Small section of DNA

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7
Q

How do genes make proteins?

A

String amino acids in particular order

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8
Q

How many amino acids are used?

A

20

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9
Q

What determines what proteins are produced?

A

DNA

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10
Q

What determines what cell it becomes?

A

Proteins

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11
Q

What are different types of the same gene called?

A

Alleles

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12
Q

Whose DNA is not unique?

A

Identical twins and clones

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13
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

Cutting up a persons DNA and separating into small sections

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14
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

Paternity testing

Forensic science

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15
Q

Why should there be a national genetic database?

A

Crimescene DNA could be checked against everyone in the country

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16
Q

Why shouldn’t there be a national genetic database?

A

Invasion of privacy
Safe? (What else might be used for)
Errors and misinterpretations

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17
Q

Ho many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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18
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form 2 identical offspring

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19
Q

What pulls apart chromosomes in mitosis?

A

Cell fibres

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20
Q

Which mi is asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Why is there no variation with mitosis?

A

Same genes

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22
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cell

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23
Q

Why do gametes have 1 pair of each chromosomes?

A

So when they join the other gamete, they have the right amount

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24
Q

Which mi is sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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25
Q

Why does sexual reproduction show variation?

A

Inherit features from both parents

26
Q

Where does meiosis happen in humans?

A

Reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)

27
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Produces cells with half the number of chromosomes

28
Q

When does mitosis occur in human reproduction?

A

After the gametes have fertilised

29
Q

When do animal cells loose the ability to differentiate?

A

Early stage

30
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into different types of cells

31
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Early human embryo
Bone marrow

Umbilical cord?

32
Q

Why embryo stem cells > bone marrow stem cells?

A

Bone marrow stem cells not as versatile (can’t turn into any cell)

33
Q

How do stem cells treat sickle cell anaemia?

A

Turn into red blood cells

34
Q

What conditions can stem cells help?

A 
Heart disease (beating heart muscles)
Diabetes (insulin producing cells)
Spinal injuries (nerve cells)
35
Q

How do scientists make stem cells change?

A

Change its environment

36
Q

Why are stem cells hit and miss?

A

More research is needed

37
Q

What are reasons for stem cells?

A

Save lives
Cure disease
Save costs
Would be thrown away anyway

38
Q

What are reasons against stem cells?

A

No right to interfere
Religion
Killing humans?

39
Q

At controls whether male or female?

A

23rd pair of chromosomes

40
Q

What combination do males have?

A

XY

41
Q

What combination do females have?

A

XX

42
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

Need how characteristics were passed on in pea plants from one generation to the next

43
Q

Ratio of tall pea plants to small pea plants?

A

3:1

44
Q

Why did people not “believe” Mendel?

A 
Not scientist (monk)
Work wasn't widely published
Genes weren't discovered yet
45
Q

What do letter in genetic diagrams represent?

A

Alleles

46
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Alleles that are the same

47
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Alleles that are different

48
Q

The allele for the characteristic that’s shown is…?

A

Dominant

49
Q

To display a recessive characteristic…?

A

Both alleles must be recessive

50
Q

What is genotype?

A

The alleles

51
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The actual characteristics

52
Q

What is a mono hybrid cross?

A

Crossing 2 parents to look at 1 characteristic

53
Q

What is cystic fibrosis and what does it do?

A

Genetic disorder where body produces thick sticky mucus in air passages and pancreas

54
Q

Why type of allele is allele causing cystic fibrosis?

A

Recessive (carried by 1/25)

55
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Genetic disorder where baby born with extra fingers or toes.

Isn’t life threatening

56
Q

What type of allele is the allele that cases polydactyly?

A

Dominant

57
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

Cells from embryos can be analysed before being implanted into mothers womb during IVF

58
Q

What happens after embryo screening?

A

Embryos with good alleles are implanted. Bad ones are destroyed

59
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro fertilisation

60
Q

What are reasons for embryo screening?

A

Stop suffering
Laws stop it going too far
Embryos destroyed anyway
Treating disorders cost money

61
Q

What are reasons against embryo screening?

A

Pick most desirable baby
Killing humans?
Increase prejudice
Screening is expensive

62
Q

Why don’t people think embryo screening isn’t justified for polydactyly?

A

Doesn’t affect health

Biology: Additional (8 decks)

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