proteins and enzymes

Question 1

What decides the proteins shapes and functions

Answer 1

The sequence of amino acids

Question 2

what are 5 protein functions

Answer 2

structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

Question 3

what is made by all living cells

Answer 3

enzymes

Question 4

What do enzymes function as

Answer 4

biological catalysts

Question 5

What do enzymes speed up

Answer 5

cellular reactions

Question 6

do enzymes change in the process

Answer 6

no

Question 7

what is the shape of the active site of the enzyme complementary to

Answer 7

its specific substrate

Question 8

what does the enzymes actions result in

Answer 8

products

Question 9

what two reactions can enzymes be involved in

Answer 9

degradation reactions and synthesis reactions

Question 10

what does a degradation reaction do

Answer 10

converts a substrate into products

Question 11

what does a synthesis reaction do

Answer 11

convert products into a substrate

Question 12

what forms during the reaction

Answer 12

an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 13

when is each enzyme most active

Answer 13

In its optimum conditions

Question 14

what can enzymes and other proteins be affected by

Answer 14

temperature and ph

Question 15

what happens when an enzyme is denatured

Answer 15

it affects the rate of the reaction

Question 16

how is genetic information transferred from one cell to another

Answer 16

genetic engineering

Question 17

What are the stages of genetic engineering (labelled in order)

Answer 17

1.identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene from the source chromosome
2.Extract required gene
3.extract plasmid from bacterial cell
4. Insert required gene into bacterial plasmid
5.Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism

Question 18

where are enzymes used in genetic engineering

Answer 18

to cut and seal DNA

Question 19

what is the purpose of genetic engineering

Answer 19

To research current genetic foods/issues such as golden rice, less toxic rapeseed oil, bird resistance to bird flu, tomatoes whit longer shell life blight resistant potatoes, production of medicines for human use, eg insulin and growth hormone.

Question 20

how is the chemical energy stored in glucose released by all cells

Answer 20

respiration

Question 21

what is the enrgy released from the breakdown of glucose used to generate

Answer 21

ATP

Question 22

What can the energy transferred by ATP be used for

Answer 22

cellular activities

Question 23

what are 4 examples of cellular activities

Answer 23

Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, and transmission of nerve impulses

Question 24

what is glucose broken down into

Answer 24

pyruvate

Question 25

what is released in the breakdown of glucose

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

what depends on the presence/absence of oxygen

Answer 26

the further breakdown of glucose

Question 27

what will happen if oxygen is present

Answer 27

aerobic respiration will take place where each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules

Question 28

what happens in the absence of oxygen

Answer 28

the fermentation pathway takes place

Question 29

what are the pyruvate molecules converted into in animal cells

Answer 29

lactate

Question 30

what are pyruvate molecules converted into in plant cells

Answer 30

lactate

Question 31

what are pyruvate molecules converted into in yeast cells

Answer 31

carbon dioxide and ethanol

Question 32

what does the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway yield

Answer 32

two ATP molecules

Question 33

where does respiration begin

Answer 33

in the cytoplasm

Question 34

where is the process of fermentation completed

Answer 34

cytoplasm

Question 35

where is the process of aerobic respiration completed

Answer 35

mitochondria

Question 36

What is the relationship between the energy requirement of a cell and the number of mitochondria present in that cell

Answer 36

The higher the energy requirement of a cell the greater the number of mitochondria present in that cell