proteins and enzymes Flashcards
KWhat decides the proteins shapes and functions
The sequence of amino acids
what are 5 protein functions
structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors
what is made by all living cells
enzymes
What do enzymes function as
biological catalysts
What do enzymes speed up
cellular reactions
do enzymes change in the process
no
what is the shape of the active site of the enzyme complementary to
its specific substrate
what does the enzymes actions result in
products
what two reactions can enzymes be involved in
degradation reactions and synthesis reactions
what does a degradation reaction do
converts a substrate into products
what does a synthesis reaction do
convert products into a substrate
what forms during the reaction
an enzyme-substrate complex
when is each enzyme most active
In its optimum conditions
what can enzymes and other proteins be affected by
temperature and ph
what happens when an enzyme is denatured
it affects the rate of the reaction
how is genetic information transferred from one cell to another
genetic engineering
What are the stages of genetic engineering (labelled in order)
1.identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene from the source chromosome
2.Extract required gene
3.extract plasmid from bacterial cell
4. Insert required gene into bacterial plasmid
5.Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism
where are enzymes used in genetic engineering
to cut and seal DNA
what is the purpose of genetic engineering
To research current genetic foods/issues such as golden rice, less toxic rapeseed oil, bird resistance to bird flu, tomatoes whit longer shell life blight resistant potatoes, production of medicines for human use, eg insulin and growth hormone.
how is the chemical energy stored in glucose released by all cells
respiration
what is the enrgy released from the breakdown of glucose used to generate
ATP
What can the energy transferred by ATP be used for
cellular activities
what are 4 examples of cellular activities
Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, and transmission of nerve impulses
what is glucose broken down into
pyruvate
what is released in the breakdown of glucose
ATP
what depends on the presence/absence of oxygen
the further breakdown of glucose
what will happen if oxygen is present
aerobic respiration will take place where each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules
what happens in the absence of oxygen
the fermentation pathway takes place
what are the pyruvate molecules converted into in animal cells
lactate
what are pyruvate molecules converted into in plant cells
lactate
what are pyruvate molecules converted into in yeast cells
carbon dioxide and ethanol
what does the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway yield
two ATP molecules
where does respiration begin
in the cytoplasm
where is the process of fermentation completed
cytoplasm
where is the process of aerobic respiration completed
mitochondria
What is the relationship between the energy requirement of a cell and the number of mitochondria present in that cell
The higher the energy requirement of a cell the greater the number of mitochondria present in that cell
