Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Multicellular organism > Flashcards

Multicellular organism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first step of mitosis

A

In the original parent cell, the chromosomes replicate and double Forming 2 identical chromatids joined in the centre by a centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the second step of mitosis

A

The nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes shorten and thicken, becoming visible under a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the third step of mitosis

A

The chromatids line up along the equator of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the fourth step of mitosis

A

Spindle fibres attach to the chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the fifth step of mitosis

A

Spindle fibres shorten pulling the chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the sixth step of mitosis

A

The cytoplasm divides and a nuclear membrane forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the last step of mitosis

A

2 diploid cells produced, containing the same genetic information as the original parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a chromatid

A

An exact replica of a chromosome joined together with the chromosome it’s replicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the equator of the cell

A

The region in the middle of the cell where the chromatid pairs line up before they are separated to the poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are spindle fibres

A

The spindle fibres are strand of protein that the cell uses to separate the chromatid pairs from the equator to the poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

They have two matching sets of chromosomes high are replicated during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does mitosis do

A

Provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells and maintains the diploid chromosome complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells in animals that can divide in order to self-renew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to do

A

become different types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are stem cells obtained

A

from embryo at a very early stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When can tissue stem cells be found in the body

A

Throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the specialisation of cells lead to

A

The formation of a variety of cells, tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are multicellular organism made up of

A

Tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do organisms only perform on function

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are cells in organs specialised for

A

Their function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are groups of organisms that work together called

A

Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the hierarchy

A

Cells-tissues-organs-systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can a response to a stimulus be

A

A rapid action or a slower response from a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

The central nervous system and other nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of

A

The brain and spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

The large folded area of the brain and is responsible for conscious thoughts, reasoning, memory and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is cerebellum

A

Found at the rear of the brain below the cerebrum an controls balance and coordination movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the medulla

A

Found at the top of the spinal chord and contains groups of neurons that transit electrical impulses to the hearts and lungs to control the heart rate and breathing rate

28
Q

What do electrical impulses do

A

Carry messages along neurons

29
Q

What do chemicals Dow it’s these messages

A

Transfer the, between neurons at synapses

30
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

Sensory, inter and motor

31
Q

What do receptors

A

Detect sensory input/stimuli

32
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

Pass the information to the CNS

33
Q

What do inter neurons do

A

Operate within the CNS, which
processes information from the senses that require a response

34
Q

What do motor neurons do

A

Enable a response to occur at an effector (muscle or gland)

35
Q

What is the function of the reflex arc

A

To control reflex reactions in humans

36
Q

What is the purpose of reflexes

A

To protect the body from harm

37
Q

What can a response to a stimulus be

A

A rapid action from a muscle or as lower response from a gland

38
Q

What can endocrine glands release

A

Hormones into the bloodstream

39
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

40
Q

What does a target tissue have

A

Cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones, so only that tissue will be affected by these hormones

41
Q

What are the roles of insulin and glucagon in the blood glucose regulation

A

They are released by the pancreas in order to control blood glucose concentration

42
Q

What is glycogen

A

A storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscle of animals

43
Q

What are the only cells that are haploid

A

Gametes

44
Q

What are almost all cells in terms of amount of chromosomes

A

Diploid

45
Q

What are the two types of gametes

A

Egg cells and sperm cells(pollen grains in plants

46
Q

What organ produces the egg cell

A

Ovaries

47
Q

What organ produces the sperm cell

A

Animals: testes
Plants: anthers

48
Q

Where is the female gamete organ found

A

Ovule

49
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote, which divides to form an embryo

50
Q

What contributes to variation in a species

A

The combining of two parent genes

51
Q

What is discrete variation

A

variation that tends to have phenotypes that do unto separate categories

52
Q

What is continuous variation

A

variation that shows a wide range of values with each value falling anywhere within the range

53
Q

What is a gene

A

A location on a chromosome where a section of DNA contains the codes for a particular protein

54
Q

What is an allele

A

different forms of genes

55
Q

What is a phenotype

A

the organisms physical appearance

56
Q

What is a genotype

A

a statement of the alleles it has for a characteristic

57
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

A dominant allele always shows in the phenotype, even if the individual only has one copy of the allele

58
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

A recessive allele only shows if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele

59
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Individuals who are homozygous for a certain ry two copies of the same allele

60
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

Individuals who are heterozygous for a certain gene carry two different alleles

61
Q

What is the letter P used to indicate

A

The original parents in the cross

62
Q

What is F1 used to indicate

A

The first generation of offspring of the parental types

63
Q

What is F2 used to indicate

A

The second filial generation which is comprised of offspring(s) resulting from a cross of the members of F1 generation

64
Q

What is the recessive allele represented by in a monohybrid cross

A

A lowercase letter

65
Q

What is the dominant allele represented by in a monohybrid cross

A

A uppercase letter

66
Q

What are the reason why the predicted ratios of the offspring phenotypes are not always achieved

A

Fertilisation is a random process, the sample was not big enough

67
Q
A

biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions