Prelim Flashcards
What is the function of the mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
What is the function of the nucleus
Controls cell activities and contains DNA
Are fungal and bacterial cell walls made of the same material as plant cell walls
No
What is the sequence of bases along a strand
Genetic code
What is mRNA
a molecule that carries a complementary copy of genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids
What are the functions of proteins
Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors
What are enzymes function
Biological catalysts
What forms during an enzyme reaction
Enzyme-substrate complex
What is an example of a synthesis enzyme
Phosphorylase-starch
What is an example of a degradation enzyme
Amylas-maltose
What is the purpose of genetic engineering
To transfer genetic information from one cell to another
What is the purpose of respiration
To release chemical energy
What are the cellular activities that require ATP
Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses
What is glucose broken down into
Two molecules of pyruvate which releases two molecules of ATP
What happens when oxygen is present
Aerobic respiration takes place
What is pyruvate broken down into
Carbon dioxide and water releasing a large number of ATP molecules
What happens in the absence of oxygen
Fermentation pathway takes place
What is pyruvate broken down into in animal cells
Lactate releasing two molecules of ATP
what is pyruvate broken down into in plant cells
Carbon dioxide and ethanol releasing two molecules of ATP
Where does respiration begin
Cytoplasm
Where is the process of fermentation completed
Mitochondria
Where is the process of respiration completed
Cytoplasm
What happens at the first stage of mitosis
Each chromosome makes an identical copy of itself
What are spindle fibres
Strands of protein
What are the new cells from mitosis used for
Growth and repair
What are stem cells involved in
Growth and repair
What does the nervous system consist of
CNS and other nerves
Where is the cerebrum found
The large folded part of the brain
Where is the cerebellum found
Below the cerebrum
Where is the medulla found
At the top of the spinal chord
What is the function of the cerebrum
Controls consciously thoughts, reasoning, memory, and emotions
What is the function of the cerebellum
Controls balance and coordinated movement
What is the function of the medulla
Controls heart rate and breathing rate
What does a motor neuron do
Enables a response to occur at an effector
What do endocrine glands do
Release hormones into the bloodstream
Where are insulin and glucagon released from
Pancreas
What are the roles of insulin and glucagon
To control glucose levels in the bloodstream
What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high
Insulin is released
What does insulin do
Triggers liver enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen which lowers the glucose levels
What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood is too low
glucagon is released
What does glucagon do
Triggers the liver cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose and raise the glucose levels again
What is fertilisation
The fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
What are alleles
Different forms of genes
What are the reasons why the predicted phenotype ratios are not always achieved
Fertilisation is a random process and the sample size was not big enough
What parts of the plant are involved in water transport
Root hairs xylem vessels, spongy mesothelioma, guard cells and stomata
What are phloem cells made up of
Seize plates and associated companion cells
What is contained within mammal blood
Plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells
How are red blood cells specialised
Biconcave, no nucleus and containing haemoglobin
What are pathogens
Disease causing micro-organisms
What do phagocytes do
Carry out phagocytosis engulfing and digesting the pathogen
What do lymphocytes do
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
What is the function of the right atria
Collects deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and passes it to the right ventricle
What is the function of the left atria
Collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it to the left ventricle
Function of the right ventricle
Collect deoxygenated blood from the right atria and pumps it through to the pulmonary artery
Function of the left ventricle
Collects oxygenated blood from the left atria and pumps it through the aorta
Function of valves
Prevent the back flow of blood
Function of aorta
Distributes oxygenated blood pumped at high pressure from the left ventricles and
to the body
Function of the vena cava
Passes deoxygenated blood oozing at low pressure through the veins of the body and to the right atria
Function of pulmonary vein
Passes oxygenated blood oozing at low pressure from the lungs to teh left atria
Function of the pulmonary artery
distribute deoxygenated blood pumped at high pressure by the right ventricle and distribute sit to the lungs
Function of the coronary artery
distributes oxygenated blood pumped at high pressure bye the left ventricle to these heart muscle itself
What are arteries
They have thick muscular walls, a narrow central channel and carry blood under high pressure away from the heart
What are veins
Have thinner walls, a wider channel and Cary blood under low pressure back toward the heart
What do capillaries form
Networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of material
What do the lungs consist of
A large number of alveoli
Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide observed through
The thin alveolar walls to or from many blood capillaries
Where are nutrients from food absorbed into
Villi in the small intestine
What does each villus contain
A network of capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids and a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol
Where is the least amount of energy lost at each level in the food chain
Growth
Why do animals consume other animals or plants
To obtain amino acids for protein synthesis
Why are GM crops used
To reduce the use of fertiliser
What tool would you use to measure light intensity
Light meter
What are indicator species
Species that by their presence or absence indicate environmental quality/levels of pollution
What is mutation
A random change in genetic material that is the only source of new alleles
What happens during the light reaction stage of photosynthesis
The light energy from the sun is trapped in chlorophyll in the chloroplast and is converted into chemical energy which is used to generate ATP. Water is split to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen diffuses
What happens during the carbon fixation stage
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, which use the hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar
What can the sugar be converted into
Starch(storage) cellulose(structural)
