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biology > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cell activities and contains DNA

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3
Q

Are fungal and bacterial cell walls made of the same material as plant cell walls

A

No

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4
Q

What is the sequence of bases along a strand

A

Genetic code

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5
Q

What is mRNA

A

a molecule that carries a complementary copy of genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome where the protein is assembled from amino acids

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6
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

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7
Q

What are enzymes function

A

Biological catalysts

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8
Q

What forms during an enzyme reaction

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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9
Q

What is an example of a synthesis enzyme

A

Phosphorylase-starch

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10
Q

What is an example of a degradation enzyme

A

Amylas-maltose

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11
Q

What is the purpose of genetic engineering

A

To transfer genetic information from one cell to another

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12
Q

What is the purpose of respiration

A

To release chemical energy

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13
Q

What are the cellular activities that require ATP

A

Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses

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14
Q

What is glucose broken down into

A

Two molecules of pyruvate which releases two molecules of ATP

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15
Q

What happens when oxygen is present

A

Aerobic respiration takes place

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16
Q

What is pyruvate broken down into

A

Carbon dioxide and water releasing a large number of ATP molecules

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17
Q

What happens in the absence of oxygen

A

Fermentation pathway takes place

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18
Q

What is pyruvate broken down into in animal cells

A

Lactate releasing two molecules of ATP

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19
Q

what is pyruvate broken down into in plant cells

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol releasing two molecules of ATP

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20
Q

Where does respiration begin

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where is the process of fermentation completed

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

Where is the process of respiration completed

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

What happens at the first stage of mitosis

A

Each chromosome makes an identical copy of itself

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24
Q

What are spindle fibres

A

Strands of protein

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25
Q

What are the new cells from mitosis used for

A

Growth and repair

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26
Q

What are stem cells involved in

A

Growth and repair

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27
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

CNS and other nerves

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28
Q

Where is the cerebrum found

A

The large folded part of the brain

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29
Q

Where is the cerebellum found

A

Below the cerebrum

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30
Q

Where is the medulla found

A

At the top of the spinal chord

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31
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

A

Controls consciously thoughts, reasoning, memory, and emotions

32
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Controls balance and coordinated movement

33
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

Controls heart rate and breathing rate

34
Q

What does a motor neuron do

A

Enables a response to occur at an effector

35
Q

What do endocrine glands do

A

Release hormones into the bloodstream

36
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon released from

A

Pancreas

37
Q

What are the roles of insulin and glucagon

A

To control glucose levels in the bloodstream

38
Q

What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high

A

Insulin is released

39
Q

What does insulin do

A

Triggers liver enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen which lowers the glucose levels

40
Q

What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood is too low

A

glucagon is released

41
Q

What does glucagon do

A

Triggers the liver cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose and raise the glucose levels again

42
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

43
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of genes

44
Q

What are the reasons why the predicted phenotype ratios are not always achieved

A

Fertilisation is a random process and the sample size was not big enough

45
Q

What parts of the plant are involved in water transport

A

Root hairs xylem vessels, spongy mesothelioma, guard cells and stomata

46
Q

What are phloem cells made up of

A

Seize plates and associated companion cells

47
Q

What is contained within mammal blood

A

Plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells

48
Q

How are red blood cells specialised

A

Biconcave, no nucleus and containing haemoglobin

49
Q

What are pathogens

A

Disease causing micro-organisms

50
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Carry out phagocytosis engulfing and digesting the pathogen

51
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens

52
Q

What is the function of the right atria

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and passes it to the right ventricle

53
Q

What is the function of the left atria

A

Collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it to the left ventricle

54
Q

Function of the right ventricle

A

Collect deoxygenated blood from the right atria and pumps it through to the pulmonary artery

55
Q

Function of the left ventricle

A

Collects oxygenated blood from the left atria and pumps it through the aorta

56
Q

Function of valves

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

57
Q

Function of aorta

A

Distributes oxygenated blood pumped at high pressure from the left ventricles and
to the body

58
Q

Function of the vena cava

A

Passes deoxygenated blood oozing at low pressure through the veins of the body and to the right atria

59
Q

Function of pulmonary vein

A

Passes oxygenated blood oozing at low pressure from the lungs to teh left atria

60
Q

Function of the pulmonary artery

A

distribute deoxygenated blood pumped at high pressure by the right ventricle and distribute sit to the lungs

61
Q

Function of the coronary artery

A

distributes oxygenated blood pumped at high pressure bye the left ventricle to these heart muscle itself

62
Q

What are arteries

A

They have thick muscular walls, a narrow central channel and carry blood under high pressure away from the heart

63
Q

What are veins

A

Have thinner walls, a wider channel and Cary blood under low pressure back toward the heart

64
Q

What do capillaries form

A

Networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of material

65
Q

What do the lungs consist of

A

A large number of alveoli

66
Q

Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide observed through

A

The thin alveolar walls to or from many blood capillaries

67
Q

Where are nutrients from food absorbed into

A

Villi in the small intestine

68
Q

What does each villus contain

A

A network of capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids and a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol

69
Q

Where is the least amount of energy lost at each level in the food chain

A

Growth

70
Q

Why do animals consume other animals or plants

A

To obtain amino acids for protein synthesis

71
Q

Why are GM crops used

A

To reduce the use of fertiliser

72
Q

What tool would you use to measure light intensity

A

Light meter

73
Q

What are indicator species

A

Species that by their presence or absence indicate environmental quality/levels of pollution

74
Q

What is mutation

A

A random change in genetic material that is the only source of new alleles

75
Q

What happens during the light reaction stage of photosynthesis

A

The light energy from the sun is trapped in chlorophyll in the chloroplast and is converted into chemical energy which is used to generate ATP. Water is split to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen diffuses

76
Q

What happens during the carbon fixation stage

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, which use the hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar

77
Q

What can the sugar be converted into

A

Starch(storage) cellulose(structural)

biology (12 decks)

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