Proteins + amino acids Flashcards
Name the product of protein digestion
Protease enzymes break down proteins into AMINO ACIDS.
What type of enzyme digests protein?
PROTEASE
Name the acid made by the stomach that allows pepsin to unfold and work well
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
What can you do to increase the accuracy of a PH measurement in an experiment?
Repeat experiment
Measure PH with smaller intervals
What are proteins and how are they created?
Proteins are polypeptide chains of amino acids clamped together by ribosomes
Which protein breaks down starch?
AMYLASE
Which protein breaks down fats?
LIPASE
What is the function of a ribosome?
To make proteins
What is the function of a mitochondria?
Organelle, transfers energy from glucose through aerobic resperiation.
Which letters pair together in DNA and RNA?
A – T/U(rna)
G – C
What substance, made by the stomach, gives correct PH for enzyme action in the human stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
How do different parts of the human digestive system help to break down molecules of fat so they can be absorbed into the body?
Mechanical digestion in mouth - chewing
digested by LIPASE produced in the SMALL INTESTINE and PANCREAS. Lipids broken down with the help of BILE SALTS that work as EMULSIFIERS IN GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS. then absorbed by SMALL INTESTINE more QUICKLY due to a LARGER SURFACE AREA.
Why is the structure of a protein so important?
There are only about 20 different naturally-occurring amino acids. However, each protein molecule has hundreds, or even thousands, of them joined together in a unique sequence and folded into the correct shape. This gives each protein its own individual properties and allows them as enzymes to break down smaller molecules.
Lock and key
What are the processes in digestion?
Mouth - food mechanically / physically broken down with teeth
Oesophagus - Squeezes food to the stomach
Stomach - Enzymes and acid churn to break down food
Small Intestine - absorbs food into the blood stream
LI - absorbs water into the blood stream
Rectum - stores faeces
from small intestine –>
Liver - stores sugars + produces bile
Pancreas - produces digestive enzymes and insulin
How do bile salts help with digestion?
Bile salts are produce in the liver and released into the small intestine by the gall bladder. It helps to emulsify the fats and increases the surface area of the fats for the lipase to work well.
Enzymes can be grown in fermenters that use large numbers of bacteria. The enzymes can be collected from the liquid inside the fermenter.
What does the bacteria need to grow?
Temperature Light Oxygen levels Moisture Food
What can biological washing powder ( containing enzymes) be used to remove?
organic stains
Food stains
at lower temperature washes
How can protease be used in baby foods?
Protease can be used to pre digest the protein so the baby can digest it
Which enzyme can be used as a cheap alternative to sweeten foods?
Amylase as it breaks down starch into sugar syrup
How is isomerase used in slimming foods?
Isomerase catalyses the changing of glucose into fructose, fructose is sweeter so less can be added to still achieve the same taste / sweetness.
Enzyme fructose is cheaper than natural fructose.
What are the benefits of industrial enzymes?
Long shelf life
Able to withstand high temperatures
Wider PH tolerance
Do not denature easily
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen – > carbon dioxide and water
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose –> lactic acid
What is oxygen debt?
When your energy demands are more than you can provide through aerobic respiration
Can you convert lactic acid back to glucose?
Yes, with oxygen
Which type of respiration takes place in the mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
How can the body cope with oxygen debt?
Increased breathing and heart rate
