Animal + Plant cells Flashcards
How do plants use diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of things from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In leaves, diffusion is use to control the travel of CO2.
Moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration is also called going down a concentration gradient.
CO2 Diffuses into the cell as there is a lower concentration of CO2 inside the cell whereas Oxygen diffuses out of the cell as there is a lower concentration of Oxygen outside the cell.
The rate if diffusion is increased when…
The distance is decreased
The surface are is increased
The concentration difference/gradient is increased.
How are leaves adapted to be able to diffuse unwanted substances quickly?
They are thin to reduce the distance gases have to diffuse through in photo synthesis
They are broad with a spongy layer inside to increase the surface area.
What are the specialised cells in a leaf?
(in book diagram) Waxy cuticle Upper epidermis Chloroplasts Palisade layer Spongy layer Lower epidermis Stoma Guard cell
In which direction does oxygen travel in photosynthesis?
From the palisade layer towards the stomata
What are the similarities of animal and plant cells and what are their functions?
Nucleus - contains DNA
Cytoplasm - Chemical reactions take place here + enzymes
Cell membrane - controls movement of substances in and out of cell
Mitochondria - site of aerobic respiration
What is the job of the cell wall?
Strengthens and structures the cell
Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell / where is chlorophyll and light energy absorbed?
Chloroplasts
What is inside the vacuole?
cell sap to keep the cell turgid and strong
Turgid = swollen / filled with water
How is a root hair cell adapted for it’s purpose?
The cell has a long finger like process to increase the surface area and therefore increase the cell’s ability to absorb mineral and water ions from the soil.
How is a sperm cell specialised?
The tail enables the sperm to move towards the egg, the head includes genetic information and enzymes to help break down the wall of the egg, the central section is packed with mitochondria for energy.
How does the adaptation of having no nucleus benefit the red blood cell?
no nucleus means there is more space for haemoglobin.
Also, the outer membrane is thin to allow easy oxygen diffusion and it’s shape means it has a large surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed.
What are the properties of a bacteria cell?
Unicellular No defined nucleus Cell wall No mitochondria Slime capsule
What cell has these characteristics?
Unicellular
Nucleus
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Fungus / ( yeast)
Which type of bacteria looks like a tampon?
What are the layers, beginning from the inner core?
BACTERIA CELL
loops of dna, cytoplasm + ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall
How are guard cells adapted?
They can change shape to allow gases to pass through and form a stomata that can open and close.
What is the shape of the red blood cell?
BIOCONCAVED DISK
What is a group of specialised cells called?
Tissue
What is made of tissues
an organ
What do multiple different organs combined create?
An organ system
What are the properties and purposes of muscular tissue in the stomach?
Moving ( CONTRACTING + RELAXING)
To churn food
( contracts walls of stomach to churn food)
Which stomach tissue is responsible for the production of acids, enzyme, and mucus?
Glandular tissue
What is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?
Produces the stomach lining
Which stomach tissue is structural to protect inside and outside of the stomach?
EPITHELIAL
What are the functions of the stomach?
stores food
sterilises food by soaking in acid
breaks down proteins
How do the tissues work together in the stomach?
glandular tissue releases and produces acids and enzymes to digest food
epithelial tissue protects inner stomach against these acids and holds stomach together
muscular tissue contracts to churn food and help acids and enzymes produced by glandular tissues.
What is the purpose of the waxy layer in the leaf?
Reduces the evaporation of water
What do the palisade and spongy layers do in the leaf structure?
Palisade layer –> high amount of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Spongy layers / mesophyll –> short diffusion pathway
What cell in the leaf is responsible for air flow and gas exchange?
The stomata
Which vascular tissue in the plant is for the transportation of water ( transpiration )
the XYLEM
transports water and minerals
one directional transport
dead, hollow cells
Which vascular tissue is responsible for the transpiratation of sugars? ( translocation)
PHLOEM
transports sugars
two directional transport
living cells
contains sieve plates
Where are the vascular tissues found?
Roots and Stems of plants
What is active transport and how is it used by vascular tissues?
Active transport is transporting things against the concentration gradient and therefore with the use of things such as enzymes to assist the movement.
It is used to move the sugars in phloem
WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
carbon dioxide + water –> (light,chlorophyll) glucose + oxygen
What is the formula for glucose?
C6 H12 O6
How do plants get energy to make glucose?
Through photosynthesis
adapted to have green chlorophyll
absorb light and energy from the sun through the leaves and react it with CO2 and water
How do plants use the glucose they produce in photosynthesis?
Make starch Make fats/oils/lipids Make amino acids Make cellulose supply them with energy
How do animals use diffusion?
Digested food molecules are diffused into the bloodstream eg glucose, water into the large intestine,
Why would more lactic acid be produced when running at higher speeds?
More energy is needed
Not enough oxygen is produced
Therefore anaerobic respiration takes place
What are the products of protein digestion ?
Amino Acids
