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Biology > B2 Cells and Genes > Flashcards

B2 Cells and Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two ways in which cells divide?

A

Mitosis, meiosis

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2
Q

How would normal somatic cells divide?

A

Through mitosis

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3
Q

How are gamete / sex cells formed?

A

Through meiosis

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4
Q

How would you describe somatic cells?

A

2n , diploid cells

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5
Q

How would you describe gametes?

A

n , haploid cells

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6
Q

How is mitosis used?

A

In humans, mitosis is used to grow. In bacteria, mitosis is used to asexually reproduce.

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7
Q

In which type of division are two identical cell copies produced?

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Binary fission is the asexual reproduction of bacteria when it splits in half

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9
Q

What makes gametes / sex cells haploid?

A

They have HAlf the chromosome number

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10
Q

Which type of cell division displays VARIATION?

A

Meiosis

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11
Q

What causes variation in cell division?

A

‘Crossing over’
In meiosis there are two divisions instead of one
The first division sees two cells produced with one and a half of one thing and a half of the opposite thing.
Then 4 haploid gametes are produced from the second division featuring one gamete with a whole and one with a half

EG –> 1st division
cell 1 = O od
cell 2 = D do

2nd division –>

cell 1 = O
cell 2 = od
cell 3 =D
cell 4 = do

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12
Q

What are the differences of mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis

Diploid
Two identical copies
DNA replicates

Meiosis

Splits twice
Variation
Haploid
Sex cell

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13
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

Czechoslovakian monk
interested in species and variation
did investigations on wrinkled and non wrinkled peas to investigate inheriting genes

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14
Q

How did Mendel complete his investigation?

A

Reproduced lots of plants / experiments
Controlled pollination of plants
Tracked the produced characteristics (eg wrinkly or non wrinkly peas)
He used mathematics to calculate ratios of statistics

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15
Q

Why was Mendels work not taken seriously at the time?

A

People still believed offspring was a BLEND of the two parents instead of inherited genes
Mendel was a monk not an academic
Evolution and reasons for variation has not yet been discovered.

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16
Q

What is a recessive characteristic?

A

A recessive characteristic needs a pair in order to ‘show’

It is shown with lower case letters

17
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Homozygous is when a parent has two alleles the same, eg both recessive or both dominant

Same alleles

18
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

When a parent has two alleles that are different eg one dominant and one recessive

Different alleles

19
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical and observable characteristics of a plant or animal
eg the phenotype is green

20
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic characteristics of a plant or animal

eg the genotype is Gg

21
Q

What is an allele?

A

Two or more alternative forms of a gene found in the same place on a chromosome

22
Q

What is a gene?

A

Made from DNA, genes form the chromosome and determine the characteristics of the offspring

A unit of information coding for a characteristic

23
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell

24
Q

What type of inheritance is monohybrid inheritance?

A

Looking at the inheritance of one characteristic only

One type of characteristic being inherited

25
Q

How is sex determined?

A 
XX = girl
XY = boy
26
Q

Why are sex related diseases more common in boys than girls?

A

The y chromosome is shorter and there for if the X chromosome is faulty above where the y chromosome caters for, it cannot be backed up and that certain gene is faulty.

In a girl, the second X chromosome provides the not faulty version of the gene or characteristc

27
Q

What is a zygote?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

23rd pair determines sex

28
Q

What causes cells divided through mitosis to be genetically identical?

A

The DNA is replicated

29
Q

How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a human nerve cell?

A

46

30
Q

How does a chromosome become two strands?

A

DNA replication / copies of the DNA were made

31
Q

Why must the chromosome have two strands before it divides?

A

Each offspring cell can receive a copy of the genetic material

32
Q

Are there the same amount of chromosomes in a human gamete to in another gamete?

A

NO

33
Q

How do you know how many chromosomes are in the gamete of a species other than a human?

A

There will be half the number as how many the species has in it’s normal somatic cells. For example, if there are 8 in its somatic cells, there will be four in the gamete

Biology (14 decks)

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