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Biology > B1.1 Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1.1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A disease affecting many people in a country/area

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2
Q

Which spreads quicker, Bird flu or Swine Flu?

A

Bird flu

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3
Q

Why does bird flu spread quicker than swine flu?

A

There are more birds than pigs and as birds migrate all over the world it is harder to control their movement.

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4
Q

Why will antibiotics not get rid of the flu?

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria not viruses, and flu is a virus

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5
Q

Do antibiotics kill viruses or bacteria?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

Why should a diet contain fats, protein and carbohydrates?

A

Fats are needed for energy and insulation
Carbohydrates are needed for energy
Protein is needed for growth (building cells) and repair.

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7
Q

Why does the body need vitamins and minerals?

A

To maintain health and prevent deficiency such as scurvy, rickets and osteoporosis

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8
Q

Why do pathogens make you feel ill?

A

Pathogens reproduce quickly and produces large amounts of toxins that damage cells.

Bacteria produce toxins, viruses damage cells.

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9
Q

Name 3 ways white blood cells protect against pathogens…

A
  1. White blood cells produce antibodies that destroy pathogens
  2. White blood cells engulf (ingest and digest) pathogens
  3. They produce antitoxins that counteract the toxins produced by pathogens.
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10
Q

Why does a vaccination make people immune?

A

Injecting a patient with a dead/weakened or inactive pathogen. White blood cells produce antibodies which can then be reproduced quickly if infected again.

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11
Q

What is the benefit of vaccinating a large number of people in the same population?

A

It reduces the risk of spreading an infection so an epidemic is less likely.

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12
Q

What does MMR stand for?

A

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

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13
Q

Why can’t you use antibiotics against viral diseases?

A

Viruses are found inside cells and therefore inaccessible to the antibiotic

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14
Q

Why are there so many antibiotic resistant bacteria these days?

A

Overusing antibiotics kills all NON-RESISTANT bacteria. Gene mutation causes bacteria to become RESISTANT to the antibiotic and reproduces until all the bacteria is RESISTANT.

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15
Q

What are 3 reasons for the low death rate from infectious diseases in modern hospitals?

A 
Better hygiene
Better drugs
Better understanding of immunity
Sterilisation of equipment
Isolation of infectious patients
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16
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The rate of chemical reactions inside the body

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17
Q

What are 3 factors that affect a person’s metabolic rate?

A 
How active a person is
Genes
BMI
Age 
Gender
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18
Q

What affects the concentration of cholesterol in a person’s blood?

A

Your diet

Your genes

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19
Q

What diseases are linked to obesity?

A

Arthritis
Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Heart disease

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20
Q

Although in labs the incubation of bacteria is kept at 35c, in schools it is limited 25c, why?

A

To prevent the growth of pathogens

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21
Q

Why are hand gel dispensers found at the entrance of most hospital wards?

A

It destroys pathogens to prevent the spread of them

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22
Q

How do viruses cause illnesses?

A

They enter a cell and destroy it

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23
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A worldwide outbreak of a disease.

24
Q

What are the three main stages of testing a drug before it can be sold to the public?

A

Testing on tissues or animals-toxicity
Testing on small number of healthy volunteers-side effects
Testing on patients-determine optimum dose and effectiveness

25
Q

Why is it difficult to treat diseases caused by viruses?

A

VIruses live within cells of the body, so in many cases killing the virus would involve killing the cells themselves- Inaccessible to antibiotics
Viruses mutate quickly

26
Q

Why does MRSA cause problems in hospitals?

A

MRSA is resistant to antibiotics
It is easily spread from one patient to another
Patients are often too ill to fight the disease caused by MRSA as well as their original disease.

27
Q

Why is it a bad idea for drug users to share needles?

A

Because viruses are transferred through bodily fluids, such as blood

28
Q

Why must body temperature be kept within a narrow range?

A

To maintain homeostasis

-To keep the chemical reactions and enzymes within the body working wel

29
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced by white blood cells to kill pathogens

30
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A micro-organism that causes disease

31
Q

What 4 forms do pathogens take?

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Virus
Parasite

32
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A marker on the surface of a pathogen that acts as identification

33
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A

Phagocyte

Lymphocye

34
Q

Whats the adaptations and role of a phagocyte?

A

Has a large lobed nucleus
Will change shape to perform phagocytosis (engulfing harmful microbes)
Will also squirt digesting enzymes on the pathogen to speed up phagocytosis

35
Q

What is the role of a lymphocyte?

A

Will produce specialised antibodies that either cause pathogens to burst OR bind them together in preparation for phagocytosis
Produce antibodies that will bind to antigens and send out singals to phagocytes
Release antitoxins that neutralise toxins given off by the pathogen

36
Q

What is the role of your nervous system?

A

To detect your surroundings and protect you

37
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines work by injecting a dead or weakened form of a pathogen into a patient’s body.
White blood cells within the body will produce antibodies to combat this specific pathogen.
After the pathogen has been destroyed, the white blood cells will remember how to produce the appropriate antibody for that pathogen.
This means that if the body is ever reinfected with that particular pathogen, there will be a rapid response of antibodies to attack the pathogen.

38
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central nervous system

-Brain and spine

39
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral nervous system

-Linked with CNS by sensory neurons

40
Q

What are receptors

A

Specialised cells on the surface

-Receive stimuli

41
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A

Sensory
Motor
Relay

42
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

Carry electrical impulses from receptors to the spinal chord

43
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

Carry electrical impulses within the spinal chord

44
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

Sending electrical impulses from the brain to muscles

45
Q

In what order do the neurones go?

A

STORM
Sensory
Relay
Motor

46
Q

Does a reflex arc involve the brain

A

No

47
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, that is simpler than the other electrical impulses.
Involves a sensory neruone and a motor neurone

48
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurones

Neurotransmissions diffuse across them

49
Q

How do synapses work?

A

An electrical impulse travels along an axon
This triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release neurotransmitters
These diffuse across the synapse
Bind with receptors on the next neruone
This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse
Repeats

50
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

To provide energy eg starch and glucose

51
Q

What is the role of protein?

A

Growth and repair of cells

52
Q

What are the benefits of fruit and vegetables?

A

Provide fibre for digestion and vitamins and minerals to maintain health

53
Q

Where can you find vitamin A, C, D, Calcium, and Iron?

A 
(in order)
Carrots
Citrus
Sunlight / fish
Dairy
Red meat, green veg
54
Q

What are fortified foods?

A

Often milk and cereal, fortified foods have been intentionally inserted with vitamins

55
Q

What is metabolic rate and what affects it?

A

The rate/ speed of the chemical reactions in your body

It can be affected by inherited factors, gender, climate, exercise, diet

Biology (14 decks)

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