B1.1 Keeping Healthy

Question 1

What is an epidemic?

Answer 1

A disease affecting many people in a country/area

Question 2

Which spreads quicker, Bird flu or Swine Flu?

Answer 2

Bird flu

Question 3

Why does bird flu spread quicker than swine flu?

Answer 3

There are more birds than pigs and as birds migrate all over the world it is harder to control their movement.

Question 4

Why will antibiotics not get rid of the flu?

Answer 4

Antibiotics kill bacteria not viruses, and flu is a virus

Question 5

Do antibiotics kill viruses or bacteria?

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Why should a diet contain fats, protein and carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Fats are needed for energy and insulation
Carbohydrates are needed for energy
Protein is needed for growth (building cells) and repair.

Question 7

Why does the body need vitamins and minerals?

Answer 7

To maintain health and prevent deficiency such as scurvy, rickets and osteoporosis

Question 8

Why do pathogens make you feel ill?

Answer 8

Pathogens reproduce quickly and produces large amounts of toxins that damage cells.

Bacteria produce toxins, viruses damage cells.

Question 9

Name 3 ways white blood cells protect against pathogens…

Answer 9

1. White blood cells produce antibodies that destroy pathogens
2. White blood cells engulf (ingest and digest) pathogens
3. They produce antitoxins that counteract the toxins produced by pathogens.

Question 10

Why does a vaccination make people immune?

Answer 10

Injecting a patient with a dead/weakened or inactive pathogen. White blood cells produce antibodies which can then be reproduced quickly if infected again.

Question 11

What is the benefit of vaccinating a large number of people in the same population?

Answer 11

It reduces the risk of spreading an infection so an epidemic is less likely.

Question 12

What does MMR stand for?

Answer 12

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Question 13

Why can’t you use antibiotics against viral diseases?

Answer 13

Viruses are found inside cells and therefore inaccessible to the antibiotic

Question 14

Why are there so many antibiotic resistant bacteria these days?

Answer 14

Overusing antibiotics kills all NON-RESISTANT bacteria. Gene mutation causes bacteria to become RESISTANT to the antibiotic and reproduces until all the bacteria is RESISTANT.

Question 15

What are 3 reasons for the low death rate from infectious diseases in modern hospitals?

Answer 15

Better hygiene
Better drugs
Better understanding of immunity
Sterilisation of equipment
Isolation of infectious patients

Question 16

What is metabolic rate?

Answer 16

The rate of chemical reactions inside the body

Question 17

What are 3 factors that affect a person’s metabolic rate?

Answer 17

How active a person is
Genes
BMI
Age 
Gender

Question 18

What affects the concentration of cholesterol in a person’s blood?

Answer 18

Your diet

Your genes

Question 19

What diseases are linked to obesity?

Answer 19

Arthritis
Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Heart disease

Question 20

Although in labs the incubation of bacteria is kept at 35c, in schools it is limited 25c, why?

Answer 20

To prevent the growth of pathogens

Question 21

Why are hand gel dispensers found at the entrance of most hospital wards?

Answer 21

It destroys pathogens to prevent the spread of them

Question 22

How do viruses cause illnesses?

Answer 22

They enter a cell and destroy it

Question 23

What is a pandemic?

Answer 23

A worldwide outbreak of a disease.

Question 24

What are the three main stages of testing a drug before it can be sold to the public?

Answer 24

Testing on tissues or animals-toxicity
Testing on small number of healthy volunteers-side effects
Testing on patients-determine optimum dose and effectiveness

Question 25

Why is it difficult to treat diseases caused by viruses?

Answer 25

VIruses live within cells of the body, so in many cases killing the virus would involve killing the cells themselves- Inaccessible to antibiotics Viruses mutate quickly

Question 26

Why does MRSA cause problems in hospitals?

Answer 26

MRSA is resistant to antibiotics It is easily spread from one patient to another Patients are often too ill to fight the disease caused by MRSA as well as their original disease.

Question 27

Why is it a bad idea for drug users to share needles?

Answer 27

Because viruses are transferred through bodily fluids, such as blood

Question 28

Why must body temperature be kept within a narrow range?

Answer 28

To maintain homeostasis | -To keep the chemical reactions and enzymes within the body working wel

Question 29

What are antibodies?

Answer 29

Proteins produced by white blood cells to kill pathogens

Question 30

What is a pathogen?

Answer 30

A micro-organism that causes disease

Question 31

What 4 forms do pathogens take?

Answer 31

Fungi Bacteria Virus Parasite

Question 32

What is an antigen?

Answer 32

A marker on the surface of a pathogen that acts as identification

Question 33

What are the two types of white blood cell?

Answer 33

Phagocyte | Lymphocye

Question 34

Whats the adaptations and role of a phagocyte?

Answer 34

Has a large lobed nucleus Will change shape to perform phagocytosis (engulfing harmful microbes) Will also squirt digesting enzymes on the pathogen to speed up phagocytosis

Question 35

What is the role of a lymphocyte?

Answer 35

Will produce specialised antibodies that either cause pathogens to burst OR bind them together in preparation for phagocytosis Produce antibodies that will bind to antigens and send out singals to phagocytes Release antitoxins that neutralise toxins given off by the pathogen

Question 36

What is the role of your nervous system?

Answer 36

To detect your surroundings and protect you

Question 37

How do vaccines work?

Answer 37

Vaccines work by injecting a dead or weakened form of a pathogen into a patient's body. White blood cells within the body will produce antibodies to combat this specific pathogen. After the pathogen has been destroyed, the white blood cells will remember how to produce the appropriate antibody for that pathogen. This means that if the body is ever reinfected with that particular pathogen, there will be a rapid response of antibodies to attack the pathogen.

Question 38

What does CNS stand for?

Answer 38

Central nervous system | -Brain and spine

Question 39

What does PNS stand for?

Answer 39

Peripheral nervous system | -Linked with CNS by sensory neurons

Question 40

What are receptors

Answer 40

Specialised cells on the surface | -Receive stimuli

Question 41

What are the 3 types of neurones?

Answer 41

Sensory Motor Relay

Question 42

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

Answer 42

Carry electrical impulses from receptors to the spinal chord

Question 43

What is the role of a relay neurone?

Answer 43

Carry electrical impulses within the spinal chord

Question 44

What is the role of a motor neurone?

Answer 44

Sending electrical impulses from the brain to muscles

Question 45

In what order do the neurones go?

Answer 45

STORM Sensory Relay Motor

Question 46

Does a reflex arc involve the brain

Answer 46

No

Question 47

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 47

A nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, that is simpler than the other electrical impulses. Involves a sensory neruone and a motor neurone

Question 48

What is a synapse?

Answer 48

A gap between two neurones | Neurotransmissions diffuse across them

Question 49

How do synapses work?

Answer 49

An electrical impulse travels along an axon This triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release neurotransmitters These diffuse across the synapse Bind with receptors on the next neruone This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse Repeats

Question 50

What is the role of carbohydrates?

Answer 50

To provide energy eg starch and glucose

Question 51

What is the role of protein?

Answer 51

Growth and repair of cells

Question 52

What are the benefits of fruit and vegetables?

Answer 52

Provide fibre for digestion and vitamins and minerals to maintain health

Question 53

Where can you find vitamin A, C, D, Calcium, and Iron?

Answer 53

``` (in order) Carrots Citrus Sunlight / fish Dairy Red meat, green veg ```

Question 54

What are fortified foods?

Answer 54

Often milk and cereal, fortified foods have been intentionally inserted with vitamins

Question 55

What is metabolic rate and what affects it?

Answer 55

The rate/ speed of the chemical reactions in your body It can be affected by inherited factors, gender, climate, exercise, diet