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Biology 1 Biological Molecules > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteins usually?

A

Very large molecules.

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2
Q

What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids, and proteins in organisms?

A

There are few carbohydrates and lipids in organisms and they are all very similar, where as there are many proteins in organisms and they all differ.

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3
Q

What differs from protein to protein?

A

It’s shape.

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4
Q

What group of proteins are involved in every living process?

A

Enzymes.

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5
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Basic monomer units which combine to make a polymer called a polypeptide.

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6
Q

What do polypeptides combine to form?

A

Proteins.

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7
Q

How many different amino acids can occur in proteins?

A

20

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8
Q

What central element is in every amino acid?

A

Carbon.

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9
Q

What four things are attached to a central carbon in an amino acid?

A

An amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and an R group.

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10
Q

Which group gives the amino acid the acid part of its name?

A

The carboxyl group.

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11
Q

Which group give the amino acid the amino part of its name?

A

The amino group.

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12
Q

What is different in every amino acid?

A

The R group.

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13
Q

What is the R group made of?

A

A variety of different chemical groups.

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14
Q

What is the molecular formula of an amino group?

A

NH,2

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15
Q

What is the molecular formula for a carboxyl group?

A

COOH

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16
Q

What can two amino acid monomers combine to form?

A

A dipeptide.

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17
Q

What reaction is the formation of a peptide bond?

A

Condensation reaction.

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18
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

The making of bonds by the removal of water.

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19
Q

Where is water formed from amino acids?

A

An OH from the carboxyl group and H from the amino group from another amino acid.

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20
Q

What is the bond made between amino acids?

A

Peptide bond.

21
Q

Where is the peptide bond formed?

A

Between the carbon atom from one amino acid and the nitrogen from the other.

22
Q

How can a peptide bond be broken?

A

By hydrolysis.

23
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The process of polymers being joined together.

24
Q

What is made when many amino acid monomers join together?

A

A polypeptide.

25
Q

What forms the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

26
Q

What determines a sequence of amino acids?

A

DNA.

27
Q

What determines a proteins ultimate shape and function?

A

The primary structure.

28
Q

What can a change in one amino acid in a proteins primary structure do?

A

Lead to a change in shape and may stop it carrying out its function.

29
Q

What is one trait of a protein?

A

It’s shape is very specific to its function.

30
Q

What happens in the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The long polypeptide chain is twisted into a 3D alpha helix shape and hydrogens bonds are formed.

31
Q

What groups in an amino acid forms hydrogen bonds in an alpha helix?

A

The NH group and the CO group.

32
Q

Why do hydrogen bonds formed?

A

The hydrogen in the NH group has a overall positive charge and the oxygen in the CO group has an overall negative charge.

33
Q

What kind of bonds are hydrogen bonds?

A

Weak bonds.

34
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

A complex and specific 3D structure of folded and twisted alpha helices from the secondary structure.

35
Q

What maintains the tertiary structure?

A

A number of different bonds.

36
Q

What bonds maintain the tertiary structure?

A

Disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds.

37
Q

What determines where bonds occur in the tertiary structure?

A

The primary structure of the protein.

38
Q

What kind of bonds are disulfide bridges?

A

Strong bonds.

39
Q

Where are the ionic bonds formed?

A

Between any carboxyl and amino group that are not involved in forming peptide bonds.

40
Q

What bond is weaker, disulfide bridge or ionic?

A

Ionic.

41
Q

How are ionic bonds easily broken?

A

By changes in pH.

42
Q

What does the 3D shape of the protein do?

A

Makes each protein distinctive and allows it to recognise and be recognised by other molecules.

43
Q

How does the 3D shape of a protein interact with a molecule?

A

In a very specific way.

44
Q

What is the secondary structure formed as a result of?

A

Hydrogen bonding.

45
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

The combination of a number of different polypeptide chains and prosthetic groups into a large complex protein molecule.

46
Q

What is an example of a large complex protein molecule?

A

Haemoglobin.

47
Q

What are prosthetic groups?

A

Non-protein groups.

48
Q

What is an example of a prosthetic group?

A

Iron containing the haem group in haemoglobin.

49
Q

What truly determines a proteins function?

A

The sequence of amino acids that make its shape.

Biology 1 Biological Molecules (13 decks)

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