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Bio > Protein Synthesis (Unit 6 - Part 2) > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis (Unit 6 - Part 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens to DNA in a cell?

A

DNA replication and protein synthesis

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2
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division (mitosis)

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3
Q

protein synthesis

A

its code (sequence of nucleotides) can be read to make proteins

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4
Q

materials needed for DNA replication

A

-original DNA which acts as a template
-free nucleotides (building blocks to make the new DNA molecule)
-enzymes

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5
Q

1st step of DNA replication

A

-the DNA molecule untwists and unzips (breaking hydrogen bonds) into 2 sides
-each side serves as a template to produce new strands

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6
Q

2nd step of DNA replication

A

the free nucleotides pair up (complementary base pairs), creating 2 strands

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7
Q

3rd step of DNA replication

A

each new DNA molecule then rezips (making hydrogen bonds) and retwists

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8
Q

end result of DNA replication

A

*2 identical DNA molecules
-each molecule contains 1 original strand and 1 new strand

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9
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a specific proteins

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10
Q

steps to protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

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11
Q

transcription

A

*DNA to RNA
-makes an RNA copy of the DNA message
-occurs in the cells nucleus

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12
Q

1st step of transcription

A

DNA acts as a template for building mRNA

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13
Q

2nd step of transcription

A

the DNA untwists and unzips (hydrogen bonds break)

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14
Q

3rd step of transcription

A

RNA nucleotides pair up complementary to one side of the unzipped DNA molecule

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15
Q

4th step of transcription

A

the newly made mRNA moves away from the DNA-the mRNA moves out of the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm to a ribosome

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16
Q

5th step of transcription

A

the DNA rezips and retwists and can be used again

17
Q

translation

A

*RNA to protein
-uses mRNA instructions to build a protein from amino acids

18
Q

1st step of translation

A

the mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

19
Q

2nd step of translation

A

mRNA is read by a ribosome in 3 base segments called codon

20
Q

3rd step of translation

A

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules in the cytoplasm pickup and transfer amino acids

21
Q

4th step of translation

A

a tRNA matches up with a codon on mRNA and the tRNA drops off its amino acid

22
Q

5th step of translation

A

a bond is formed between amino acids

23
Q

6th step of translation

A

eventually, a stop codon is reached and the final protein is made

24
Q

codon

A

a sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

25
Q

when a amino acid chain is put together we get ___

A

protein

26
Q

mutations

A

any change that occurs to the genetic material (DNA) of an organism

27
Q

chromosomal mutation

A

*changes to the number of chromosomes
-a chromosomal mutation is caused when chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
-this creates egg or sperm cells with more or less than 23 chromosomes which then leads to a zygote with more or less than 46 chromosomes

28
Q

Gene mutations

A

changes the order of nucleotides in the DNA and it could change the amino acid that is coded for which then may change the protein that is made

29
Q

substitution

A

a single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

30
Q

deletion

A

a single nucleotide is removed from the DNA sequence

31
Q

insertion

A

a single nucleotide is added to the DNA sequence

32
Q

mutagen

A

substances that cause mutations

33
Q

why do mutations matter?

A

-when they form damaged proteins
-when they cause uncontrollable division (cancer)
-when they happen in gametes (they can be passed onto offspring)

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