Protein Synthesis (Unit 6 - Part 2)

Question 1

what happens to DNA in a cell?

Answer 1

DNA replication and protein synthesis

Question 2

DNA replication

Answer 2

DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division (mitosis)

Question 3

protein synthesis

Answer 3

its code (sequence of nucleotides) can be read to make proteins

Question 4

materials needed for DNA replication

Answer 4

-original DNA which acts as a template
-free nucleotides (building blocks to make the new DNA molecule)
-enzymes

Question 5

1st step of DNA replication

Answer 5

-the DNA molecule untwists and unzips (breaking hydrogen bonds) into 2 sides
-each side serves as a template to produce new strands

Question 6

2nd step of DNA replication

Answer 6

the free nucleotides pair up (complementary base pairs), creating 2 strands

Question 7

3rd step of DNA replication

Answer 7

each new DNA molecule then rezips (making hydrogen bonds) and retwists

Question 8

end result of DNA replication

Answer 8

*2 identical DNA molecules
-each molecule contains 1 original strand and 1 new strand

Question 9

gene

Answer 9

a section of DNA that codes for a specific proteins

Question 10

steps to protein synthesis

Answer 10

transcription and translation

Question 11

transcription

Answer 11

*DNA to RNA
-makes an RNA copy of the DNA message
-occurs in the cells nucleus

Question 12

1st step of transcription

Answer 12

DNA acts as a template for building mRNA

Question 13

2nd step of transcription

Answer 13

the DNA untwists and unzips (hydrogen bonds break)

Question 14

3rd step of transcription

Answer 14

RNA nucleotides pair up complementary to one side of the unzipped DNA molecule

Question 15

4th step of transcription

Answer 15

the newly made mRNA moves away from the DNA-the mRNA moves out of the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm to a ribosome

Question 16

5th step of transcription

Answer 16

the DNA rezips and retwists and can be used again

Question 17

translation

Answer 17

*RNA to protein
-uses mRNA instructions to build a protein from amino acids

Question 18

1st step of translation

Answer 18

the mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

Question 19

2nd step of translation

Answer 19

mRNA is read by a ribosome in 3 base segments called codon

Question 20

3rd step of translation

Answer 20

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules in the cytoplasm pickup and transfer amino acids

Question 21

4th step of translation

Answer 21

a tRNA matches up with a codon on mRNA and the tRNA drops off its amino acid

Question 22

5th step of translation

Answer 22

a bond is formed between amino acids

Question 23

6th step of translation

Answer 23

eventually, a stop codon is reached and the final protein is made

Question 24

codon

Answer 24

a sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Question 25

when a amino acid chain is put together we get ___

Answer 25

protein

Question 26

mutations

Answer 26

any change that occurs to the genetic material (DNA) of an organism

Question 27

chromosomal mutation

Answer 27

*changes to the number of chromosomes -a chromosomal mutation is caused when chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis -this creates egg or sperm cells with more or less than 23 chromosomes which then leads to a zygote with more or less than 46 chromosomes

Question 28

Gene mutations

Answer 28

changes the order of nucleotides in the DNA and it could change the amino acid that is coded for which then may change the protein that is made

Question 29

substitution

Answer 29

a single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

Question 30

deletion

Answer 30

a single nucleotide is removed from the DNA sequence

Question 31

insertion

Answer 31

a single nucleotide is added to the DNA sequence

Question 32

mutagen

Answer 32

substances that cause mutations

Question 33

why do mutations matter?

Answer 33

-when they form damaged proteins -when they cause uncontrollable division (cancer) -when they happen in gametes (they can be passed onto offspring)