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General Pharmacology > Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (Aminoglycosides and Tetracylines) > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (Aminoglycosides and Tetracylines) Flashcards

1
Q

The “S” in 30S and 50S means?

A

“Svedberg”

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2
Q

Aminoglycosides usually have this suffix on their names

A

-mycin

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3
Q

Aminoglycosides have the suffix “-mycin” except

A

amikacin

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4
Q

An aminoglycoside that is commonly used for PTB

A

Streptomycin

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5
Q

The abbreviation of the medication used to treat PTB

A

RIPES

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6
Q

What does “RIPES” mean?

A 
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
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7
Q

What does PTB mean?

A

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

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8
Q

True or False:

The RIPE medication are separated for PTB treatment.

A

FALSE. The RIPE medication is put into one tablet.

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9
Q

The RIPE drugs are what type of medication?

A

Antimycobacterial

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10
Q

Which RIPES drug is usually removed due to its adverse effects?

A

Streptomycin

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11
Q

Streptomycin is removed as a medication against PTB because?

A

It is usually removed because:

  • of its adverse effects
  • it is not compatible to all patients
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12
Q

The medication for PTB must continue for how many months?

A

3 to 6 months

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13
Q

After how many weeks of medication will a PTB patient become non-infective or non-virulent

A

2 weeks

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14
Q

The “DOTS” in TB-DOTS means?

A

Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course

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15
Q

An aminoglycoside used to treat neonates with sepsis.

Neonates means newborn

A

Gentamicin

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16
Q

An aminoglycoside used for eye treatment, usually for post-surgery cataract.

A

Tobramycin

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17
Q

Tobramycins used for eye treatment are in what form?

A

Ophthalmic drops

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18
Q

Tobramycin is usually associated with what drugs?

A

Dexamethasone

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19
Q

Dexamethasone, usually associated for tobramycin, is a what type of drug?

A

Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory steroid

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20
Q

Aminoglycosides’ antimicrobial action:

A
  • across the membrane
  • irreversibly trapped in cytoplasm
  • binds to ribosome, miscoding the protein synthesis of the bacteria
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21
Q

It holds the organelles of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

Aminoglycosides are effective against:

A
  • gram-negative bacteria
  • pseudomonas
  • brucella
  • listeria
  • streptococci
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23
Q

Aminoglycoside drugs are used against these bacteria because penicillins and cephalosporins are not effective.

A

Brucella and listeria

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24
Q

This bacteria causes cough

A

Streptococci

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25
Q

Aside from PTB, streptomycin is used against

A

Tularemia and plague

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26
Q

The plague comes from what animals?

A

Rats

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27
Q

True or False:

Aminoglycosides are usually used alone even in serious infections.

A

FALSE. Aminoglycosides are usually used in combination with beta-lactams in serious infections.

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28
Q

Aminoglycosides are usually in combination with?

A

beta-lactams

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29
Q

A time after the use of antibiotics when there is no growth of bacteria

A

Post-antibiotic effect

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30
Q

The post-antibiotic effect states that a patient can take the same drug again after how many months?

A

3 months

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31
Q

This is the amount of time the amount of drug lessens into half

A

Half-life

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32
Q

How many times in a day would a patient drink 75mg of ambroxol?

A

OD (once a day)

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33
Q

How many times in a day would a patient drink 30mg of ambroxol?

A

TID (thrice a day)

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34
Q

What toxicity can streptomycin cause?

A

Nephrotoxicity

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35
Q

This means an injury of renal proximal tubes

A

Nephrotoxicity

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36
Q

Nephrotoxicity can lead to the injury of?

A

Renal proximal tubes

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37
Q

Nephrotoxicity can increase the rate of?

A

It can increase the glomerular filtration rate

38
Q

Ototoxicity is the damage of?

A

damage of cochlea and vestibular apparatus

39
Q

It means the damage of cochlea and vestibular apparatus

A

Ototoxicity

40
Q

Toxicity caused by aminoglycosides

A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

41
Q

Neuromuscular blockade can cause:

A
  • Weakness of respiratory musculature
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Dilated pupils
42
Q

True or False:

Neuromuscular blockade is rare but lethal

A

TRUE. It is rare but lethal.

43
Q

True of False:

Ototoxicity only happens bilaterally.

A

FALSE. It can happen either unilaterally or bilaterally.

44
Q

This helps lower the risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

A

Once-daily regimen

45
Q

This is obtained to ensure efficacy

A

Peak serum level

46
Q

This is obtained to reduce risk of toxicity

A

Serum level

47
Q

Normal renal functions through levels can be obtained after how many hours?

A

18-24 hours

48
Q

After 18-24 hours, how often is the serum creatinine level monitoring?

A

once or twice a week

49
Q

What is the structure of tetracyclines?

A

“Four rings”

50
Q

The types of tetracyclines are based on?

A

The duration of action

51
Q

Examples of short-acting tetracycline

A

Oxytetracycline

Tetracycline

52
Q

Example of intermediate tetracycline

A

Demeclocycline

53
Q

Examples of long-acting tetracycline

A

Doxycycline

Minocycline

54
Q

A long-acting tetracycline used for prophylaxis for leptospirosis

A

Doxycycline

55
Q

Leptospirosis is caused by what bateria?

A

Leptospira

56
Q

Leptospira can be found in flood and what body of water?

A

Lakes

57
Q

Example of new cyclines

A

Tigecycline (Tygacil)

58
Q

This is used when tetracyclines are not effective anymore.

A

Tigecycline

59
Q

Tetracyclines must not be used with products containing?

A

Calcium

60
Q

Tetracycline is not for what age group?

A

Children

61
Q

Tetracycline competes with _____ and can lead to _____ malformation.

A

Tetracycline competes with [calcium] and can lead to [bone and teeth] malformation.

62
Q

Mechanism of Action of Tetracycline

A
  • passive diffusion through porins in bacterial cell

- binds to ribosomes, prevents addition of new amino acids into growing the peptide chains

63
Q

Major Indications of Tetracycline

A
  • Borrelia infections
  • Brucellosis
  • Chlamydia infections
  • Rickettsia infections
  • Cholera
  • PID syndrome
64
Q

An STD that usually infects females

A

Chlamydia

65
Q

A protozoal infection that is treated with tetracycline

A

Rickettsia infections

66
Q

Causative agent of cholera

What bacteria causes cholera

A

Vibrio cholera

67
Q

Cause of cholera

A

Contaminated water

68
Q

“Vibrio” in Vibrio cholera means?

A

It is kidney-bean shaped

69
Q

Preclinical presentation of cholera

What does it look like

A

Rice water stool

70
Q

Acne can be treated with what tetracycline?

A

Doxycycline

71
Q

Anthrax is caused by what bacteria?

A

Bacillus anthracis

72
Q

This infection was used as a biological weapon in 2001 in a form of letter

A

Anthrax

73
Q

Anthrax can be found in?

A

Carcasses of sheep

74
Q

Causes Legionnaire’s disease

A

Legionella

75
Q

Legionella was found in what appliance?

A

Air conditioners

76
Q

A pneumococcal infection that can be treated with tetracycline

A

Mycoplasma

77
Q

Associated with the plague

A

Rat-bite fever

Always remember that the plague is caused by rats

78
Q

An STD that can be treated with tetracyclines

A

Syphilis

79
Q

Tetracycline toxicities occur as/in:

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Teeth and bones
  • GI (gastrointestinal) tract
80
Q

Allergic reaction caused by tetracyclines

A
  • rashes
  • anaphylaxis
  • lupus-like syndrome
  • Vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus
81
Q

A disease where the immune system or the antibodies attack your body

A

Lupus

82
Q

Tetracycline toxicity to the teeth and bones

A
  • becomes gray-brown; discolors into yellow for children under 8 yrs old
  • depression of skeletal growth in preterms

(Remember that tetracyclines compete with calcium)

83
Q

Tetracycline toxicity in the GI (gastrointestinal) tract

A
  • esophageal ulceration
  • vomiting
  • epigastric distress
  • hepatotoxicity in pregnant women and patients with renal failure
84
Q

A semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline antibiotics

A

Glycylcycline

85
Q

It maintains antibacterial effects but provides stability against mechanisms of tetracycline resistance

A

Tigecycline

86
Q

Tigecycline inhibits protein translation by binding to the ______ and blocking entry of _____ into the _____ of the ribosome.

A

Tigecycline inhibits protein translation by binding to the [30S ribosomal subunit] and blocking entry of [amino-acyl tRNA molecules] into the [A site] of the ribosome.

87
Q

Mnemonics:

Buy AT 30 means?

A

Buy
AT -> aminoglycoside, tetracycline
30 -> 30S

88
Q

Mnemonics:

CEL at 50 means?

A

CEL -> clindamycin, erythromycin, lincosamides
at
50 -> 50S

89
Q

Indications of Tigecycline

A

Adults with:

  • skin complications (caused by staph. au. or strep.)
  • intra-abdominal infections
90
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors are (bactericidal, bacteriostatic)

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors are [bacteriostatic]

91
Q

An inhibitor drug usually misused to treat ulcer

A

Omeprazole

92
Q

How many hours is the interval between drinking antibiotics and omeprazole?

A

2 to 3 hours

General Pharmacology (6 decks)

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