Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (Aminoglycosides and Tetracylines) Flashcards
1
Q
The “S” in 30S and 50S means?
A
“Svedberg”
2
Q
Aminoglycosides usually have this suffix on their names
A
-mycin
3
Q
Aminoglycosides have the suffix “-mycin” except
A
amikacin
4
Q
An aminoglycoside that is commonly used for PTB
A
Streptomycin
5
Q
The abbreviation of the medication used to treat PTB
A
RIPES
6
Q
What does “RIPES” mean?
A
Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin
7
Q
What does PTB mean?
A
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
8
Q
True or False:
The RIPE medication are separated for PTB treatment.
A
FALSE. The RIPE medication is put into one tablet.
9
Q
The RIPE drugs are what type of medication?
A
Antimycobacterial
10
Q
Which RIPES drug is usually removed due to its adverse effects?
A
Streptomycin
11
Q
Streptomycin is removed as a medication against PTB because?
A
It is usually removed because:
- of its adverse effects
- it is not compatible to all patients
12
Q
The medication for PTB must continue for how many months?
A
3 to 6 months
13
Q
After how many weeks of medication will a PTB patient become non-infective or non-virulent
A
2 weeks
14
Q
The “DOTS” in TB-DOTS means?
A
Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course
15
Q
An aminoglycoside used to treat neonates with sepsis.
Neonates means newborn
A
Gentamicin
16
Q
An aminoglycoside used for eye treatment, usually for post-surgery cataract.
A
Tobramycin
17
Q
Tobramycins used for eye treatment are in what form?
A
Ophthalmic drops
18
Q
Tobramycin is usually associated with what drugs?
A
Dexamethasone
19
Q
Dexamethasone, usually associated for tobramycin, is a what type of drug?
A
Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory steroid
20
Q
Aminoglycosides’ antimicrobial action:
A
- across the membrane
- irreversibly trapped in cytoplasm
- binds to ribosome, miscoding the protein synthesis of the bacteria
21
Q
It holds the organelles of the cell
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
Aminoglycosides are effective against:
A
- gram-negative bacteria
- pseudomonas
- brucella
- listeria
- streptococci
23
Q
Aminoglycoside drugs are used against these bacteria because penicillins and cephalosporins are not effective.
A
Brucella and listeria
24
Q
This bacteria causes cough
A
Streptococci
25
Aside from PTB, streptomycin is used against
Tularemia and plague
26
The plague comes from what animals?
Rats
27
True or False:
| Aminoglycosides are usually used alone even in serious infections.
FALSE. Aminoglycosides are usually used in combination with beta-lactams in serious infections.
28
Aminoglycosides are usually in combination with?
beta-lactams
29
A time after the use of antibiotics when there is no growth of bacteria
Post-antibiotic effect
30
The post-antibiotic effect states that a patient can take the same drug again after how many months?
3 months
31
This is the amount of time the amount of drug lessens into half
Half-life
32
How many times in a day would a patient drink 75mg of ambroxol?
OD (once a day)
33
How many times in a day would a patient drink 30mg of ambroxol?
TID (thrice a day)
34
What toxicity can streptomycin cause?
Nephrotoxicity
35
This means an injury of renal proximal tubes
Nephrotoxicity
36
Nephrotoxicity can lead to the injury of?
Renal proximal tubes
37
Nephrotoxicity can increase the rate of?
It can increase the glomerular filtration rate
38
Ototoxicity is the damage of?
damage of cochlea and vestibular apparatus
39
It means the damage of cochlea and vestibular apparatus
Ototoxicity
40
Toxicity caused by aminoglycosides
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
41
Neuromuscular blockade can cause:
- Weakness of respiratory musculature
- Flaccid paralysis
- Dilated pupils
42
True or False:
| Neuromuscular blockade is rare but lethal
TRUE. It is rare but lethal.
43
True of False:
| Ototoxicity only happens bilaterally.
FALSE. It can happen either unilaterally or bilaterally.
44
This helps lower the risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
Once-daily regimen
45
This is obtained to ensure efficacy
Peak serum level
46
This is obtained to reduce risk of toxicity
Serum level
47
Normal renal functions through levels can be obtained after how many hours?
18-24 hours
48
After 18-24 hours, how often is the serum creatinine level monitoring?
once or twice a week
49
What is the structure of tetracyclines?
"Four rings"
50
The types of tetracyclines are based on?
The duration of action
51
Examples of short-acting tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
| Tetracycline
52
Example of intermediate tetracycline
Demeclocycline
53
Examples of long-acting tetracycline
Doxycycline
| Minocycline
54
A long-acting tetracycline used for prophylaxis for leptospirosis
Doxycycline
55
Leptospirosis is caused by what bateria?
Leptospira
56
Leptospira can be found in flood and what body of water?
Lakes
57
Example of new cyclines
Tigecycline (Tygacil)
58
This is used when tetracyclines are not effective anymore.
Tigecycline
59
Tetracyclines must not be used with products containing?
Calcium
60
Tetracycline is not for what age group?
Children
61
Tetracycline competes with _____ and can lead to _____ malformation.
Tetracycline competes with [calcium] and can lead to [bone and teeth] malformation.
62
Mechanism of Action of Tetracycline
- passive diffusion through porins in bacterial cell
| - binds to ribosomes, prevents addition of new amino acids into growing the peptide chains
63
Major Indications of Tetracycline
- Borrelia infections
- Brucellosis
- Chlamydia infections
- Rickettsia infections
- Cholera
- PID syndrome
64
An STD that usually infects females
Chlamydia
65
A protozoal infection that is treated with tetracycline
Rickettsia infections
66
Causative agent of cholera
| What bacteria causes cholera
Vibrio cholera
67
Cause of cholera
Contaminated water
68
"Vibrio" in Vibrio cholera means?
It is kidney-bean shaped
69
Preclinical presentation of cholera
| What does it look like
Rice water stool
70
Acne can be treated with what tetracycline?
Doxycycline
71
Anthrax is caused by what bacteria?
Bacillus anthracis
72
This infection was used as a biological weapon in 2001 in a form of letter
Anthrax
73
Anthrax can be found in?
Carcasses of sheep
74
Causes Legionnaire's disease
Legionella
75
Legionella was found in what appliance?
Air conditioners
76
A pneumococcal infection that can be treated with tetracycline
Mycoplasma
77
Associated with the plague
Rat-bite fever
| Always remember that the plague is caused by rats
78
An STD that can be treated with tetracyclines
Syphilis
79
Tetracycline toxicities occur as/in:
- Allergic reactions
- Teeth and bones
- GI (gastrointestinal) tract
80
Allergic reaction caused by tetracyclines
- rashes
- anaphylaxis
- lupus-like syndrome
- Vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus
81
A disease where the immune system or the antibodies attack your body
Lupus
82
Tetracycline toxicity to the teeth and bones
- becomes gray-brown; discolors into yellow for children under 8 yrs old
- depression of skeletal growth in preterms
(Remember that tetracyclines compete with calcium)
83
Tetracycline toxicity in the GI (gastrointestinal) tract
- esophageal ulceration
- vomiting
- epigastric distress
- hepatotoxicity in pregnant women and patients with renal failure
84
A semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline antibiotics
Glycylcycline
85
It maintains antibacterial effects but provides stability against mechanisms of tetracycline resistance
Tigecycline
86
Tigecycline inhibits protein translation by binding to the ______ and blocking entry of _____ into the _____ of the ribosome.
Tigecycline inhibits protein translation by binding to the [30S ribosomal subunit] and blocking entry of [amino-acyl tRNA molecules] into the [A site] of the ribosome.
87
Mnemonics:
| Buy AT 30 means?
Buy
AT -> aminoglycoside, tetracycline
30 -> 30S
88
Mnemonics:
| CEL at 50 means?
CEL -> clindamycin, erythromycin, lincosamides
at
50 -> 50S
89
Indications of Tigecycline
Adults with:
- skin complications (caused by staph. au. or strep.)
- intra-abdominal infections
90
Protein synthesis inhibitors are (bactericidal, bacteriostatic)
Protein synthesis inhibitors are [bacteriostatic]
91
An inhibitor drug usually misused to treat ulcer
Omeprazole
92
How many hours is the interval between drinking antibiotics and omeprazole?
2 to 3 hours
