Macrolides, Clindamycin, and other Drugs Flashcards
TRUE OR FALSE.
Macrolides are a broad spectrum drug.
TRUE. Macrolides are a broad spectrum drug for a wider mode of efficacy.
It is used to treat babies’ eyes to prevent infection during NSVD.
Erythromycin
It is now used instead of erythromycin
1% silver nitrate
What does NSVD mean?
Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery
What does CS mean?
Cesarean delivery (C-section)
A macrolide used in combination of amoxicillin for ulcer
Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is usually paired with?
Amoxicillin
Clarithromycin is used to treat?
ulcers
A macrolide used to treat PTB instead of streptomycin
Azithromycin
Azithromycin is used to treat PTB for what type of patients?
Azithromycin is used to treat PTB for [immunocompromised] patients.
Mechanism of action of macrolides
Inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis
Also known as mycoplasma
*[or, this is caused by mycoplasma]
Whooping cough
Excessive diarrhea
Diphtheria
What is a DTP vaccine?
Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
This causes ulcer
Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis
An STD that can be treated by macrolides
Chlamydia
Macrolides can be used as an alternative therapy for patients allergic to what drug?
Penicillin
Patients allergic to penicillin can use macrolides to treat?
- Tonsilitis
- Rheumatic fever
- Syphilis
This is controversially used to treat pimples
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is used to treat:
- Abdominal and pelvic infections
- Alternative therapy to staph. aureus infections for patients allergic to penicillin
- Effective with penicillin in soft tissue strep. a infections and toxin-mediated disease
Clindamycin is used to treat what type of infections for patients allergic to penicillin?
Staph. aureus infections
Caused by streptococcus pyogenes
Erysipelas
Adverse reactions of clindamycin
- Allergic reactions
- Abdominal pain, diarrhea, pseudomembranous enterocolitis
- Hepatotoxicity
- Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
A patient with pseudomembranous enterocolitis will shift their medication from clindamycin to _____.
Vancomycin
Agranulocytosis means?
Decrease in white blood cells, specifically granulocytes
Thrombocytopenia means?
Decrease in platelet count
A last line therapy drug “when all else fail”
Linezolid
Linezolid is a what type of antibiotics?
Oxazolidinone antibiotics
Linezolid inhibits ___ subunit, miscoding during _____.
Linezolid inhibits [50S] subunit, miscoding during [replication].
It is used when vancomycin is not effective anymore
Linezolid
Linezolid is used to these resistant pathogens
VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus) and MRSA
MRSA means?
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
It is useful in treating rapidly growing mycobacteria.
Linezolid
Adverse effects of linezolid
- nausea
- diarrhea
- headache
- reversible thrombocytopenia
- bone marrow suppression
Bone marrow suppression causes decrease in the production of?
Decrease in red blood cell production.
Blood count must be monitored under what medication?
Linezolid.
Linezolid causes bone marrow suppression.
Sulfonamide is NOT for patients with?
G6PD (Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)
G6PD means?
Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
What does it mean if a person has G6PD?
A person’s red blood cells lives less than 120 days
Sulfonamide may induce symptoms of G6PD because?
It is sulfur-containing
A sulfonamide used to treat burns
Sulfadiazine
A sulfonamide misused as treatment for UTI
Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)
Cotrimoxazole is also used to treat what syndrome?
Toxic shock syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome means?
Contamination of blood with bacteria
Sulfonamide is actually useful for UTIs, but it is only limited to?
Non-complicated infection and prophylactic therapy. (Not used for highly developed UTIs)
TRUE OR FALSE
Nocardia infections are common in the Philippines
FALSE. But some epidemics happen in other countries.
A type of infections treated with sulfonamides that can cross the placenta
Toxoplasma infections
Toxoplasma infections, since it can cross through the placenta, can cause?
Congenital infections/problems
Toxoplasma infection comes from?
Cat poop (it is zoonotic)
Adverse effects of sulfonamides
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Rash fever
- Hepatic necrosis
- Drug-induced lupus
- Hemolysis
- Increased risk to kernicterus
Bursting of red blood cells
Hemolysis
Yellowish appearance of babies
Kernicterus
A last line drug that inhibits synthesis of cell wall and impairs RNA synthesis
Vancomycin
It acts only on multiplying (actively dividing) organisms
Vancomycin
Post-antibiotic effect of vancomycin
2hrs after its level fall below MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)
*It means vancomycin still has an effect 2hrs after the drug levels are below MIC
Antimicrobial activity of vancomycin
- C. difficile
- MRSA
Adverse reaction of vancomycin, especially on high doses
Red man syndrome
*Vancomycin is usually not to be used with high amounts.
Fluorine-added drug to increase antibacterial effect
Quinolones
Quinolones are usually added with?
Fluorine
Prototype of quinolones
Nalidixic acid (1st generation)
A quinolone used to treat Traveller’s diarrhea
Ciprofloxacin
A quinolone used to treat gonorrhea
Ofloxacin
Ofloxacin 400mg
OD (once a day)
Ofloxacin 200mg
BID (twice a day), 5-7 days
A quinolone used to treat pneumonia
Levofloxacin, OD
Mechanism of action of quinolones
inhibits DNA synthesis
`Clinical uses of quinolones
- UTI
- STD (against gonococci)
- Dysentery
- Nosocomial pneumonia
- Bone and joint infections
This is a hospital-acquired pneumonia
Nosocomial pneumonia
Limitation of quinolones
Limited use in children under 18 years
Adverse effect of quinolones
Angioedema