Macrolides, Clindamycin, and other Drugs

Question 1

TRUE OR FALSE.

Macrolides are a broad spectrum drug.

Answer 1

TRUE. Macrolides are a broad spectrum drug for a wider mode of efficacy.

Question 2

It is used to treat babies’ eyes to prevent infection during NSVD.

Answer 2

Erythromycin

Question 3

It is now used instead of erythromycin

Answer 3

1% silver nitrate

Question 4

What does NSVD mean?

Answer 4

Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery

Question 5

What does CS mean?

Answer 5

Cesarean delivery (C-section)

Question 6

A macrolide used in combination of amoxicillin for ulcer

Answer 6

Clarithromycin

Question 7

Clarithromycin is usually paired with?

Answer 7

Amoxicillin

Question 8

Clarithromycin is used to treat?

Answer 8

ulcers

Question 9

A macrolide used to treat PTB instead of streptomycin

Answer 9

Azithromycin

Question 10

Azithromycin is used to treat PTB for what type of patients?

Answer 10

Azithromycin is used to treat PTB for [immunocompromised] patients.

Question 11

Mechanism of action of macrolides

Answer 11

Inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis

Question 12

Also known as mycoplasma

*[or, this is caused by mycoplasma]

Answer 12

Whooping cough

Question 13

Excessive diarrhea

Answer 13

Diphtheria

Question 14

What is a DTP vaccine?

Answer 14

Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

Question 15

This causes ulcer

Answer 15

Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis

Question 16

An STD that can be treated by macrolides

Answer 16

Chlamydia

Question 17

Macrolides can be used as an alternative therapy for patients allergic to what drug?

Answer 17

Penicillin

Question 18

Patients allergic to penicillin can use macrolides to treat?

Answer 18

• Tonsilitis
• Rheumatic fever
• Syphilis

Question 19

This is controversially used to treat pimples

Answer 19

Clindamycin

Question 20

Clindamycin is used to treat:

Answer 20

• Abdominal and pelvic infections
• Alternative therapy to staph. aureus infections for patients allergic to penicillin
• Effective with penicillin in soft tissue strep. a infections and toxin-mediated disease

Question 21

Clindamycin is used to treat what type of infections for patients allergic to penicillin?

Answer 21

Staph. aureus infections

Question 22

Caused by streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 22

Erysipelas

Question 23

Adverse reactions of clindamycin

Answer 23

• Allergic reactions
• Abdominal pain, diarrhea, pseudomembranous enterocolitis
• Hepatotoxicity
• Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia

Question 24

A patient with pseudomembranous enterocolitis will shift their medication from clindamycin to _____.

Answer 24

Vancomycin

Question 25

Agranulocytosis means?

Answer 25

Decrease in white blood cells, specifically granulocytes

Question 26

Thrombocytopenia means?

Answer 26

Decrease in platelet count

Question 27

A last line therapy drug "when all else fail"

Answer 27

Linezolid

Question 28

Linezolid is a what type of antibiotics?

Answer 28

Oxazolidinone antibiotics

Question 29

Linezolid inhibits ___ subunit, miscoding during _____.

Answer 29

Linezolid inhibits [50S] subunit, miscoding during [replication].

Question 30

It is used when vancomycin is not effective anymore

Answer 30

Linezolid

Question 31

Linezolid is used to these resistant pathogens

Answer 31

VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus) and MRSA

Question 32

MRSA means?

Answer 32

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 33

It is useful in treating rapidly growing mycobacteria.

Answer 33

Linezolid

Question 34

Adverse effects of linezolid

Answer 34

- nausea - diarrhea - headache - reversible thrombocytopenia - bone marrow suppression

Question 35

Bone marrow suppression causes decrease in the production of?

Answer 35

Decrease in red blood cell production.

Question 36

Blood count must be monitored under what medication?

Answer 36

Linezolid. Linezolid causes bone marrow suppression.

Question 37

Sulfonamide is NOT for patients with?

Answer 37

G6PD (Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)

Question 38

G6PD means?

Answer 38

Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Question 39

What does it mean if a person has G6PD?

Answer 39

A person's red blood cells lives less than 120 days

Question 40

Sulfonamide may induce symptoms of G6PD because?

Answer 40

It is sulfur-containing

Question 41

A sulfonamide used to treat burns

Answer 41

Sulfadiazine

Question 42

A sulfonamide misused as treatment for UTI

Answer 42

Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)

Question 43

Cotrimoxazole is also used to treat what syndrome?

Answer 43

Toxic shock syndrome

Question 44

Toxic shock syndrome means?

Answer 44

Contamination of blood with bacteria

Question 45

Sulfonamide is actually useful for UTIs, but it is only limited to?

Answer 45

Non-complicated infection and prophylactic therapy. (Not used for highly developed UTIs)

Question 46

TRUE OR FALSE | Nocardia infections are common in the Philippines

Answer 46

FALSE. But some epidemics happen in other countries.

Question 47

A type of infections treated with sulfonamides that can cross the placenta

Answer 47

Toxoplasma infections

Question 48

Toxoplasma infections, since it can cross through the placenta, can cause?

Answer 48

Congenital infections/problems

Question 49

Toxoplasma infection comes from?

Answer 49

Cat poop (it is zoonotic)

Question 50

Adverse effects of sulfonamides

Answer 50

- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - Rash fever - Hepatic necrosis - Drug-induced lupus - Hemolysis - Increased risk to kernicterus

Question 51

Bursting of red blood cells

Answer 51

Hemolysis

Question 52

Yellowish appearance of babies

Answer 52

Kernicterus

Question 53

A last line drug that inhibits synthesis of cell wall and impairs RNA synthesis

Answer 53

Vancomycin

Question 54

It acts only on multiplying (actively dividing) organisms

Answer 54

Vancomycin

Question 55

Post-antibiotic effect of vancomycin

Answer 55

2hrs after its level fall below MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) *It means vancomycin still has an effect 2hrs after the drug levels are below MIC

Question 56

Antimicrobial activity of vancomycin

Answer 56

- C. difficile | - MRSA

Question 57

Adverse reaction of vancomycin, especially on high doses

Answer 57

Red man syndrome *Vancomycin is usually not to be used with high amounts.

Question 58

Fluorine-added drug to increase antibacterial effect

Answer 58

Quinolones

Question 59

Quinolones are usually added with?

Answer 59

Fluorine

Question 60

Prototype of quinolones

Answer 60

Nalidixic acid (1st generation)

Question 61

A quinolone used to treat Traveller's diarrhea

Answer 61

Ciprofloxacin

Question 62

A quinolone used to treat gonorrhea

Answer 62

Ofloxacin

Question 63

Ofloxacin 400mg

Answer 63

OD (once a day)

Question 64

Ofloxacin 200mg

Answer 64

BID (twice a day), 5-7 days

Question 65

A quinolone used to treat pneumonia

Answer 65

Levofloxacin, OD

Question 66

Mechanism of action of quinolones

Answer 66

inhibits DNA synthesis

Question 67

`Clinical uses of quinolones

Answer 67

- UTI - STD (against gonococci) - Dysentery - Nosocomial pneumonia - Bone and joint infections

Question 68

This is a hospital-acquired pneumonia

Answer 68

Nosocomial pneumonia

Question 69

Limitation of quinolones

Answer 69

Limited use in children under 18 years

Question 70

Adverse effect of quinolones

Answer 70

Angioedema