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General Pharmacology > Macrolides, Clindamycin, and other Drugs > Flashcards

Macrolides, Clindamycin, and other Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Macrolides are a broad spectrum drug.

A

TRUE. Macrolides are a broad spectrum drug for a wider mode of efficacy.

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2
Q

It is used to treat babies’ eyes to prevent infection during NSVD.

A

Erythromycin

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3
Q

It is now used instead of erythromycin

A

1% silver nitrate

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4
Q

What does NSVD mean?

A

Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery

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5
Q

What does CS mean?

A

Cesarean delivery (C-section)

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6
Q

A macrolide used in combination of amoxicillin for ulcer

A

Clarithromycin

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7
Q

Clarithromycin is usually paired with?

A

Amoxicillin

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8
Q

Clarithromycin is used to treat?

A

ulcers

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9
Q

A macrolide used to treat PTB instead of streptomycin

A

Azithromycin

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10
Q

Azithromycin is used to treat PTB for what type of patients?

A

Azithromycin is used to treat PTB for [immunocompromised] patients.

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of macrolides

A

Inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis

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12
Q

Also known as mycoplasma

*[or, this is caused by mycoplasma]

A

Whooping cough

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13
Q

Excessive diarrhea

A

Diphtheria

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14
Q

What is a DTP vaccine?

A

Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

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15
Q

This causes ulcer

A

Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis

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16
Q

An STD that can be treated by macrolides

A

Chlamydia

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17
Q

Macrolides can be used as an alternative therapy for patients allergic to what drug?

A

Penicillin

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18
Q

Patients allergic to penicillin can use macrolides to treat?

A
  • Tonsilitis
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Syphilis
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19
Q

This is controversially used to treat pimples

A

Clindamycin

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20
Q

Clindamycin is used to treat:

A
  • Abdominal and pelvic infections
  • Alternative therapy to staph. aureus infections for patients allergic to penicillin
  • Effective with penicillin in soft tissue strep. a infections and toxin-mediated disease
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21
Q

Clindamycin is used to treat what type of infections for patients allergic to penicillin?

A

Staph. aureus infections

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22
Q

Caused by streptococcus pyogenes

A

Erysipelas

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23
Q

Adverse reactions of clindamycin

A
  • Allergic reactions
  • Abdominal pain, diarrhea, pseudomembranous enterocolitis
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
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24
Q

A patient with pseudomembranous enterocolitis will shift their medication from clindamycin to _____.

A

Vancomycin

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25
Q

Agranulocytosis means?

A

Decrease in white blood cells, specifically granulocytes

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26
Q

Thrombocytopenia means?

A

Decrease in platelet count

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27
Q

A last line therapy drug “when all else fail”

A

Linezolid

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28
Q

Linezolid is a what type of antibiotics?

A

Oxazolidinone antibiotics

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29
Q

Linezolid inhibits ___ subunit, miscoding during _____.

A

Linezolid inhibits [50S] subunit, miscoding during [replication].

30
Q

It is used when vancomycin is not effective anymore

31
Q

Linezolid is used to these resistant pathogens

A

VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus) and MRSA

32
Q

MRSA means?

A

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

33
Q

It is useful in treating rapidly growing mycobacteria.

34
Q

Adverse effects of linezolid

A
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • headache
  • reversible thrombocytopenia
  • bone marrow suppression
35
Q

Bone marrow suppression causes decrease in the production of?

A

Decrease in red blood cell production.

36
Q

Blood count must be monitored under what medication?

A

Linezolid.

Linezolid causes bone marrow suppression.

37
Q

Sulfonamide is NOT for patients with?

A

G6PD (Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)

38
Q

G6PD means?

A

Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

39
Q

What does it mean if a person has G6PD?

A

A person’s red blood cells lives less than 120 days

40
Q

Sulfonamide may induce symptoms of G6PD because?

A

It is sulfur-containing

41
Q

A sulfonamide used to treat burns

A

Sulfadiazine

42
Q

A sulfonamide misused as treatment for UTI

A

Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)

43
Q

Cotrimoxazole is also used to treat what syndrome?

A

Toxic shock syndrome

44
Q

Toxic shock syndrome means?

A

Contamination of blood with bacteria

45
Q

Sulfonamide is actually useful for UTIs, but it is only limited to?

A

Non-complicated infection and prophylactic therapy. (Not used for highly developed UTIs)

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Nocardia infections are common in the Philippines

A

FALSE. But some epidemics happen in other countries.

47
Q

A type of infections treated with sulfonamides that can cross the placenta

A

Toxoplasma infections

48
Q

Toxoplasma infections, since it can cross through the placenta, can cause?

A

Congenital infections/problems

49
Q

Toxoplasma infection comes from?

A

Cat poop (it is zoonotic)

50
Q

Adverse effects of sulfonamides

A
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  • Rash fever
  • Hepatic necrosis
  • Drug-induced lupus
  • Hemolysis
  • Increased risk to kernicterus
51
Q

Bursting of red blood cells

52
Q

Yellowish appearance of babies

A

Kernicterus

53
Q

A last line drug that inhibits synthesis of cell wall and impairs RNA synthesis

A

Vancomycin

54
Q

It acts only on multiplying (actively dividing) organisms

A

Vancomycin

55
Q

Post-antibiotic effect of vancomycin

A

2hrs after its level fall below MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

*It means vancomycin still has an effect 2hrs after the drug levels are below MIC

56
Q

Antimicrobial activity of vancomycin

A
  • C. difficile

- MRSA

57
Q

Adverse reaction of vancomycin, especially on high doses

A

Red man syndrome

*Vancomycin is usually not to be used with high amounts.

58
Q

Fluorine-added drug to increase antibacterial effect

A

Quinolones

59
Q

Quinolones are usually added with?

60
Q

Prototype of quinolones

A

Nalidixic acid (1st generation)

61
Q

A quinolone used to treat Traveller’s diarrhea

A

Ciprofloxacin

62
Q

A quinolone used to treat gonorrhea

63
Q

Ofloxacin 400mg

A

OD (once a day)

64
Q

Ofloxacin 200mg

A

BID (twice a day), 5-7 days

65
Q

A quinolone used to treat pneumonia

A

Levofloxacin, OD

66
Q

Mechanism of action of quinolones

A

inhibits DNA synthesis

67
Q

`Clinical uses of quinolones

A
  • UTI
  • STD (against gonococci)
  • Dysentery
  • Nosocomial pneumonia
  • Bone and joint infections
68
Q

This is a hospital-acquired pneumonia

A

Nosocomial pneumonia

69
Q

Limitation of quinolones

A

Limited use in children under 18 years

70
Q

Adverse effect of quinolones

A

Angioedema

General Pharmacology (6 decks)

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