Protein Synthesis, Cell Differentiation/Gene Expression, and Mutations Flashcards
What is Transcription?
The first step in Protein Synthesis. Messenger RNA is made from a DNA template pattern. Once the mRNA is made it leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
What is Translation?
The second step in Protein Synthesis. Amino acids which make up proteins are assembled at the ribosome through the direction of the mRNA and the tRNA.
What is mRNA?
A type of RNA used directly in transcription. mRNA transports genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
What is tRNA?
A type of RNA used directly in translation. tRNA is used to decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein.
What is a Codon?
A sequence of 3 nitrogen bases used to code for a specific amino acid.
What is a Codon Chart?
Codon Charts are used to find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called polypeptide, or protein.
What is a Point Mutation?
A point mutation or substitution is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
What is a Frameshift Mutation?
A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
What is a Gene Expression?
Gene Expression is the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA base pairs, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA.
What is Cell Differentiation?
Cellular Differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
The process of transcription occurs in the–
Nucleus
What is the original DNA strand that produced the mRNA strand: AAC UUA GGA CAU
UUG AAU CCU GUA
If the mRNA codon reads AAG, what is the resulting amino acid?
Lysine (Lys)
The process of translation occurs in the–
Ribosome
Transcribe the given DNA strand into the correct mRNA strand: TAC GAC GGT
AUG CUG CCA
Determine the resulting amino acid sequence from the given DNA sequence: TTA GGT ACC
AAU CCA UGG= Asp Pro Try
A change in one single base, known as substitution, is an example of what type of mutation?
Insertion
A mutation that occurs in the parent cell of an organism will most likely be transferred to what?
The offspring of the organism
What best describes the process of cell differentiation?
The transformation of unspecialized cells into specialized cells with distinct functions.
What best explains how different cell types are formed?
Each cell type expresses different genes at different times.
Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into many different kinds of cells. Scientists have discovered that the environment supporting the cells influences stem-cell differentiation. For example, stem cells grown on strong, flexible surfaces became muscle cells. What most likely happened to stem cells grown on a hard, rigid surface?
They became bone cells.
The genetic code of DNA is coded into a strand of mRNA
Translation
AUG becomes MET is the process of–
Translation
This process occurs in the ribosome–
Transcription
The purpose of this process is to translate genetic code in a specific sequence of amino acids–
Transcription
The purpose of this process is to transcribe information in the DNA for use by the cell–
Translation
DNA Sequence:
AGG TTA GCC AAA
What is the mRNA and A.A Sequence?
mRNA:
UCC AAU CGG UU
A.A:
Phe Asn Arg Phe
DNA Sequence: ?
mRNA: AUC CCA UUC GG
A.A: Ile Pro Phe Gly
DNA Sequence:
UAG GGU AAG CCC
What are all the possible mRNA codons that can code for HIS?
CAU
CAC
Gene/Cell expression in an organism can be altered by interactions with the Environment/Other Organisms?
Cell
Environment
Not all genes are Expressed/Used all the time?
Expressed
There are Environmental/Learned factors that contribute to Genes/Cells being expressed. For example, the temperature of the sand in a sea turtle’s nest determines the gender of the baby sea turtles in the eggs.
Environmental
Cells
There are some animals whom their Gene/Organ for fur color is expressed or not expressed due to Environmental/Behavioral conditions.
Gene
Environmental
If mutations can be passed from parent to offspring, what type of cells would the mutation be present in?
Sex cells
What type of mutation is the result of a change in a single nucleotide?
Substitution
Original DNA strand:
CTC CGC CCA AAA
Mutated DNA strand:
CTC CGC CAA AA
Type of mutation?
Point mutation
Deletion or Insertion?
Deletion
Original DNA strand:
GAC TAG ACA CGG
Mutated DNA strand:
GAC TAG ACA CGG A
Type of mutation?
Frameshift mutation
Deletion or Insertion?
Insertion
What DNA triplet created the amino acid Met?
AUG
