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biology 12 > protein synthesis > Flashcards

protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA process

A

insulin

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2
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

A

termination

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3
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene

A

deletion

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4
Q

______ bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule

A

hydrogen

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5
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA is a ______- stranded molecule

A

single

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6
Q

The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule

A

transcription

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7
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule

A

double helix

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8
Q

Something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species (e.g. a virus)

A

vector

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9
Q

Any factor which causes a mutation is called a ______

A

mutagen

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10
Q

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

A

substitution

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11
Q

DNA and RNA are both types of _____ ______

A

nucleic acids

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12
Q

If a DNA strand read GATGGCTCA, the complimentary DNA strand would read ________

A

CTACCGAGT

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13
Q

This type of RNA is used in the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

rRNA

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14
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

replication

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15
Q

The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called _____

A

initiation

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16
Q

DNA is found in the _______ of eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time - this unit is called a ______

A

polysome

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18
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

A

purine

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20
Q

Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

A

histones

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21
Q

The enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication

A

helicase

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22
Q

A DNA subunit made up of three components

A

nucleotide

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23
Q

The three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA codon

A

anticodon

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24
Q

This type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

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25
Q

Chromosomal ______ occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed

A

deletions

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26
Q

A change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule

A

mutation

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27
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is “flipped”

A

inversion

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28
Q

Proteins are made up of chains of ______ strung together

A

amino acids

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29
Q

This type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes

A

mRNA

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30
Q

DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a _______

A

polymer

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31
Q

Replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a _______ process because each daughter strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA”

A

semi-conservative

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32
Q

The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called _______

A

translation

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33
Q

UV light and X-rays are examples of _____ mutagens

A

radiation

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34
Q

A ______ mutagen affects only one gene

A

gene

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35
Q

HPV is an example of a ______ mutagen

A

viral

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36
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

A

addition

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37
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

A

translocation

38
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in DNA is called _______

A

uracil

39
Q

A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

pyrimidine

40
Q

Completed proteins are sent to the _____ ______ for final processing and packaging

A

golgi apparatus

41
Q

Benzene and dioxins are examples of ______ mutagens

A

chemical

42
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself

A

duplication

43
Q

A mutagen that causes cancer is called a _______

A

carcinogen

44
Q

_______ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development

A

germinal

45
Q

_______ bonds form between adjoining amino acids

A

peptide

46
Q

The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidines bases according to _______’s rule

A

chargaff’s

47
Q

_______ base pairing means that only A will pair with T and only G will pair with C

A

complementary

48
Q

The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ______ ______ to enter the ribosome

A

release factor

49
Q

A small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species

A

plasmid

50
Q

A ______ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered

A

chromosomal

51
Q

Addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a _______ ________ where all codons downstream of the mutation are altered

A

frame shift

52
Q

The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

A

DNA polymerase

53
Q

The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called ______

A

elongation

54
Q

If the DNA strand read GATCCTAA, the mRNA strand transcribed from it would read

A

CUAGGAUU

55
Q

Strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule

A

covalent

56
Q

The three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

A

codon

57
Q

_______ mutations occur in cells after birth

A

somatic

58
Q

During transcription, the ______ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule

A

sense

59
Q

Which nucleotides form 2 hydrogen bonds?

A

Adenine + Thymine

60
Q

Which nucleotides form 3 hydrogen bonds?

A

Guanine + Cytosine

61
Q

who discovered the DNA double helix in 1953?

A

Watson and Crick

62
Q

genes always occur in ______

A

pairs

63
Q

where are genes located?

A

on the chromosomes of the cell nucleus

64
Q

where are plasmids mostly found?

A

In bacteria

65
Q

what must happen before a cell can divide?

A

all of the DNA must be duplicated

66
Q

after DNA replication, what is produced?

A

two identical DNA molecules

67
Q

describe the process of DNA replication

A
  1. unzipping
    - enzyme helicase helps the H-bonds break
    - the DNA double helix unwinds and the two strands of DNA are separate
  2. complementary base pairing
    - new nucleotides from nucleoplasm move in to complementary pair up.
  3. H-bonds form
    - The enzyme DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand
  4. adjacent nucleotides bond
    - sugar-phosphate bonds form between the new nucleotides and the new molecule winds into a double helix
68
Q

RNA is necessary in all organisms for ______ to occur

A

protein synthesis

69
Q

what do genes do?

A

they contain instructions that tell your cells to make protein, each gene carries instructions that determine your features (e.g. eye colour)

70
Q

the role of DNA

A

it controls cellular activities, and holds genetic instructions which are important for reproduction

71
Q

What makes up a nucleotide

A

Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base

72
Q

what is a gene

A

genes are the units of inheritance, they are short sections of DNA

73
Q

which ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand during initiation?

A

small ribosomal subunit

74
Q

which ribosome attaches above the tRNA during initiation?

A

large ribosomal subunit

75
Q

are all mutations negative?

A

no, they can be positive and neutral

76
Q

what happens after an mRNA translates a ribosome?

A

multiple ribosomes can be on one mRNA strand (polysomes), but after, the mRNA is usually broken down and the ribosome dissociates into its large and small subunits

77
Q

an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.

A

DNA ligase

78
Q

RNA is the genetic material of some ______

A

viruses

79
Q

which material could have been the “original’ nucleic acid?

A

RNA

80
Q

where is RNA made?

A

nucleolus

81
Q

how does rRNA get to the cytoplasm?

A

by going through the pores of the nuclear envelope

82
Q

where are ribosomes located?

A

rough ER and throughout the cytoplasm

83
Q

how are ribosomes formed?

A

2 rRNA subunits combined with a protein

84
Q

how does rRNA help in protein synthesis?

A

it reads the mRNA codon

85
Q

tRNA carries amino acids from the ______ to a ribosome for protein synthesis

A

the cytoplasm

86
Q

where does mRNA go after transcription?

A

it moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm

87
Q

what does the release factor do?

A

it binds directly to the stop codon. it causes a water molecule to be added to the end of the polypeptide chain, and the chain separates from the last tRNA

88
Q

which enzyme proof-reads the chain during translation?

A

RNA polymerase

89
Q

mutations are inheritable… true or false?

A

true

90
Q

where will the mutation of DNA first be reflected?

A

in the mRNA copy

91
Q

example of a somatic mutation

A

cancer

92
Q

example of a germinal mutation

A

hemophilia, dwarfism, diabetes

biology 12 (7 decks)

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