protein synthesis Flashcards
_______ for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA process
insulin
The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome
termination
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene
deletion
______ bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
hydrogen
Unlike DNA, RNA is a ______- stranded molecule
single
The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule
transcription
The shape of the DNA molecule
double helix
Something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species (e.g. a virus)
vector
Any factor which causes a mutation is called a ______
mutagen
A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
substitution
DNA and RNA are both types of _____ ______
nucleic acids
If a DNA strand read GATGGCTCA, the complimentary DNA strand would read ________
CTACCGAGT
This type of RNA is used in the ribosome during protein synthesis
rRNA
The process of DNA making copies of itself
replication
The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called _____
initiation
DNA is found in the _______ of eukaryotic cells
nucleus
Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time - this unit is called a ______
polysome
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription
RNA polymerase
A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure
purine
Proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes
histones
The enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand during replication
helicase
A DNA subunit made up of three components
nucleotide
The three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
This type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA
Chromosomal ______ occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed
deletions
A change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule
mutation
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is “flipped”
inversion
Proteins are made up of chains of ______ strung together
amino acids
This type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a _______
polymer
Replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a _______ process because each daughter strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA”
semi-conservative
The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called _______
translation
UV light and X-rays are examples of _____ mutagens
radiation
A ______ mutagen affects only one gene
gene
HPV is an example of a ______ mutagen
viral
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
addition
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
translocation
RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in DNA is called _______
uracil
A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure
pyrimidine
Completed proteins are sent to the _____ ______ for final processing and packaging
golgi apparatus
Benzene and dioxins are examples of ______ mutagens
chemical
A chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself
duplication
A mutagen that causes cancer is called a _______
carcinogen
_______ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development
germinal
_______ bonds form between adjoining amino acids
peptide
The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidines bases according to _______’s rule
chargaff’s
_______ base pairing means that only A will pair with T and only G will pair with C
complementary
The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ______ ______ to enter the ribosome
release factor
A small, circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
plasmid
A ______ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered
chromosomal
Addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they cause a _______ ________ where all codons downstream of the mutation are altered
frame shift
The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymerase
The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called ______
elongation
If the DNA strand read GATCCTAA, the mRNA strand transcribed from it would read
CUAGGAUU
Strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule
covalent
The three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
codon
_______ mutations occur in cells after birth
somatic
During transcription, the ______ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule
sense
Which nucleotides form 2 hydrogen bonds?
Adenine + Thymine
Which nucleotides form 3 hydrogen bonds?
Guanine + Cytosine
who discovered the DNA double helix in 1953?
Watson and Crick
genes always occur in ______
pairs
where are genes located?
on the chromosomes of the cell nucleus
where are plasmids mostly found?
In bacteria
what must happen before a cell can divide?
all of the DNA must be duplicated
after DNA replication, what is produced?
two identical DNA molecules
describe the process of DNA replication
- unzipping
- enzyme helicase helps the H-bonds break
- the DNA double helix unwinds and the two strands of DNA are separate - complementary base pairing
- new nucleotides from nucleoplasm move in to complementary pair up. - H-bonds form
- The enzyme DNA polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand - adjacent nucleotides bond
- sugar-phosphate bonds form between the new nucleotides and the new molecule winds into a double helix
RNA is necessary in all organisms for ______ to occur
protein synthesis
what do genes do?
they contain instructions that tell your cells to make protein, each gene carries instructions that determine your features (e.g. eye colour)
the role of DNA
it controls cellular activities, and holds genetic instructions which are important for reproduction
What makes up a nucleotide
Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base
what is a gene
genes are the units of inheritance, they are short sections of DNA
which ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand during initiation?
small ribosomal subunit
which ribosome attaches above the tRNA during initiation?
large ribosomal subunit
are all mutations negative?
no, they can be positive and neutral
what happens after an mRNA translates a ribosome?
multiple ribosomes can be on one mRNA strand (polysomes), but after, the mRNA is usually broken down and the ribosome dissociates into its large and small subunits
an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another.
DNA ligase
RNA is the genetic material of some ______
viruses
which material could have been the “original’ nucleic acid?
RNA
where is RNA made?
nucleolus
how does rRNA get to the cytoplasm?
by going through the pores of the nuclear envelope
where are ribosomes located?
rough ER and throughout the cytoplasm
how are ribosomes formed?
2 rRNA subunits combined with a protein
how does rRNA help in protein synthesis?
it reads the mRNA codon
tRNA carries amino acids from the ______ to a ribosome for protein synthesis
the cytoplasm
where does mRNA go after transcription?
it moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
what does the release factor do?
it binds directly to the stop codon. it causes a water molecule to be added to the end of the polypeptide chain, and the chain separates from the last tRNA
which enzyme proof-reads the chain during translation?
RNA polymerase
mutations are inheritable… true or false?
true
where will the mutation of DNA first be reflected?
in the mRNA copy
example of a somatic mutation
cancer
example of a germinal mutation
hemophilia, dwarfism, diabetes
