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biology 12 > enzymes and homeostasis > Flashcards

enzymes and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood

A

endocrine

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2
Q

_______ glands secrete hormones into ducts

A

exocrine

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3
Q

the protein portion of an enzyme is called the ______

A

apoenzyme

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4
Q

the model that considers the substrate and active site to be a perfect fit for each other

A

lock and key

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5
Q

this enlargement of the throat can occur due to either hypothyroidism OR hyperthyroidism

A

goiter

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6
Q

maintaining the internal environment of the body at equilibrium

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

insulin is an example of a ______ hormone

A

peptide

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8
Q

every enzyme has an optimal ____ at which it will work in the body. The exact value of this will depend upon where in the body that enzyme is functioning. Values too far above OR below optimal will result in the denaturation of the enzyme

A

pH

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9
Q

a factor affecting the rate of a chemical reaction

A

temperature

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10
Q

organic, but non-protein cofactors are often derived from these substances

A

vitamins

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11
Q

in order to cool your body, blood vessels near the surface of the skin will ______

A

dilate

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12
Q

many ______ are inhibitors that permanently bind to the active site of enzymes, rendering them inactive

A

poisons

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13
Q

an ______ occurs to correct the situation when a receptor detects that conditions in the body are out of the normal range

A

adaptive response

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14
Q

all enzymes names end in this suffix

A

ase (sometimes “in”)

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15
Q

enzyme activity can be greatly reduced when temperatures get too _____. this situation is irreversible

A

hot

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16
Q

components of the body which detect light

A

photoreceptors

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17
Q

increasing this factor will increase the rate of a chemical reaction

A

surface area

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18
Q

all of the body’s sensory receptors are connected to the ________ system

A

nervous

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19
Q

the portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate

A

active site

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20
Q

cofactors can belong to this group of substances

A

metals

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21
Q

components of the body which detect chemical changes

A

chemoreceptors

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22
Q

a ______ increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

A

catalyst

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23
Q

when the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction binds to the ______ site on the enzyme, it causes a change to the shape of the active site and the enzyme becomes temporarily inactive

A

allosteric

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24
Q

this word is what happens to a protein when its shape is changed by being exposed to heat or certain chemicals

A

denature

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25
Q

_______ like mercury and lead can cause the denaturation of enzymes

A

heavy metals

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26
Q

_______ are chemical messengers which help cells communicate with each other

A

hormones

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27
Q

an organic, but non-protein substance (eg. vitamin) which place a role in forming a functioning enzyme

A

coenzyme

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28
Q

this word refers to the combination of all the chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism

A

metabolism

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29
Q

components of the body which detect changes in blood pressure

A

baroreceptors (pressoreceptors)

30
Q

the idea that the active site modifies its shape as it forms the enzyme-substrate complex

A

induced fit

31
Q

the receptors for regulating body temperature are located in this part of the brain

A

hypothalamus

32
Q

the enzyme maltase decomposes the sugar ______

A

maltose

33
Q

the _____ energy is the amount of energy that is required to get a chemical reaction started

A

activation

34
Q

a solution with a higher _______ will provide a faster reaction rate than a solution with one that is lower

A

concentration

35
Q

________ feedback systems are very rare in humans, but are present in situations like childbirth and breastfeeding

A

positive

36
Q

enzyme activity can be reduced when temperatures become too _____, however this situation can be reversed

A

cold

37
Q

this enzyme catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

38
Q

this element is required for the production of thyroxin

A

iodine

39
Q

if your body temperature drops below normal, your brain may direct your body to start involuntary muscle contractions which makes you start to _______

A

shiver

40
Q

blood pressure, blood pH, and blood glucose levels are all part of _______ feedback systems where the correction of the level which is out of range leads to a SLOWING or CEASING of the corrective measure

A

negative

41
Q

in order to function properly, enzymes require an additional substance called a _______, which are typically inorganic ions of metals

A

cofactor

42
Q

components of the body which detect temperature changes

A

thermoreceptors

43
Q

the term metabolic ______ refers to a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions which are all linked to each other

A

pathway

44
Q

metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxin which is produced by the _____ gland

A

thyroid

45
Q

a word used to describe a substance which will combine with the active site of an enzyme during a reaction

A

substrate

46
Q

enzymes are said to be ______ because each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction

A

specific

47
Q

in an enzyme catalyzed reaction, reaction rate will continue to increase with the addition of more substrate until all enzyme active sites are ______. the addition of more substrate beyond this point will result in no increase in reaction rate

A

saturated

48
Q

lipid based hormones are composed of ______

A

steroids

49
Q

a biological catalyst is called a(n) _______

A

enzyme

50
Q

_______ hormones act inside of the nucleus by binding to sites on the DNA.

A

steroid

51
Q

_______ hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane and must bind with a receptor on the cell’s surface.

A

peptide

52
Q

describe the role of enzymes in a metabolic pathway

A
  • it is a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions which are all linked to each other
  • they begin with a particular reactant and terminate with an end product
  • each enzyme controls one reaction only; therefore it is specific for that reaction
53
Q

what is the difference between lock & key and induced fit?

A

lock and key= enzyme has a specific shape which allows the substrate to fit (ex. you can’t use your house key to open your car door)

induced fit= some active sites undergo a slight change in shape in order to accommodate a substrate

54
Q

how does negative feedback inhibition affect a enzyme catalyzed reaction?

A

it occurs when the end product of a reaction interferes with the enzyme that helped produce it. (binds to allosteric site) Therefore, the enzyme changes shape and can’t catalyze the reaction anymore.

55
Q

what’s the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?

A
  • Catalysts are substances that increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction.
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts, which speed up reactions in living things
56
Q

what are the 4 ways of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

surface area, temperature, concentration, and using a catalyst

57
Q

what is the name for the functional enzyme?

A

holoenzyme

58
Q

Describe positive feedback systems

A

Childbirth and breastfeeding are examples of positive feedback systems. During contractions, the hormone oxytocin continues to be made so that the contractions become closer together. This is the opposite of negative feedback systems where result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state

59
Q

Do enzymes change after a reaction?

A

no

60
Q

why is homeostasis important?

A

it maintains the optimal conditions for enzyme activity throughout the body as well as proper cell function

61
Q

what is significant about the allosteric site?

A

it controls the amount of products being produced (can increase or decrease)

62
Q

what would make an enzyme graph go down?

A

it was denatured or an inhibitor was present

63
Q

Why is thyroxine important?

A

it is the main hormone secreted into our blood and plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development. Too much or too little thyroxine can cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

64
Q

What part of the graph do you choose if a question asks you about reaction rate?

A

Pick the high point of the graph

65
Q

What part of the graph do you choose if a question asks you about the time for a certain amount of product?

A

Pick the low point of the graph

66
Q

what is another word for metabolic rate?

A

resting rate

67
Q

what are two things your cells use up when idling (resting)?

A

oxygen and glucose

68
Q

difference between a fast & slow metabolic rate

A

fast rate = more oxygen and glucose

slow rate = less oxygen and glucose

69
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

it works with the hypothalamus and plays a major role in regulating vital body functions

70
Q

How could you tell the difference between a steroid or a protein going into a cell?

A
  • if it is a steroid it would go straight through to the nucleus because it is lipid-based and easily goes through the cell membrane
  • if it is a protein it would have to bind to a receptor
71
Q

what is something that binds permanently to an enzyme?

A

poison

72
Q

What does cyanide stop the pathway of?

A

ATP

biology 12 (7 decks)

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