Protein synthesis Flashcards
what are the folding problems
-systems at constant pressure and temp will seek equilibria
entropy of dentatured enzymes
high
entropy of native enzymes
low
define entropy with protein folding
the measure of conformation freedom
what is the flow of 1-4
1) assembly
2) folding
3) packing
4) interaction
describe binding sites
- specific
- chain needs to be 3D
- forms ligands through non-covalent bonds
- side chains form the site
what are the kinetics of folding
1) unfolded
- nucleation of folding-
2) I1 intermediate
- off path states Xn-
3) In molen globule
- final rearrangements;
4) folded protein
what are molecule chaperones
proteins an enzymes that bind to nascent and allows it to re-fold
why are molecular chaperones needed
help complete folding as the last folding requires a lot of energy
what do proteins want to be entropy
lowest entropy but still functional
what is the problem with protein folding
it happens in a high protein and amino conc environment so other reactions and folds can happen
what are hormones
substances that act on receptors to illicit a response
what does insulin do
stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen formation
what does insulin start
- glucose uptake
- glycolysis
- glycogen synthesis
- protein synthesis
- uptake of ions
what does insulin stop
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenesis
- lipolysis
- ketogenesis
- proteolysis
what is an anabolic enzyme
build up
what are catabolic enzyme
break down
why is insulin important
glucose wont enter cells without insulin
what is the structure of insulin
- 2 polypeptie chain w/ disulfide bridges
- dimeric
where are disulfide bridged created
ER
how is insulin synthesised
- b cells in pancreas
- 1 polypeptide composed of 3 chains is cleaved into 2 chains
- released as heamer with 2 zinc ions in vesicle
how is insulin produced from bacteris
Human pancreas cell
Remove DNA and specific insulin gene
Bacteria DNA plasmid –> remove plasmid
Bacteria plasmid + insulin gene = recombinant DNA
Introduce to bacteria
Fermentation
Bacteria secretes insulin
–> find a way to create disulfide bridges
–> yeast or mammalian cells
what is fast acting insulin
- injected at meal times
- swapped proline and lysine at 28,29
- takes less time to break down vessicle
what is slow acting insulin
insulin that has 2 arginines and a glycine at the end
