Carbohydrates Flashcards
definition of monosachharide
simple sugar monomer
definition of oligosaccharide
2-10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
define ppolysaccharide
long chain of joined monomers
what is the general formula of carbs
Cx(H20)y
what are carbohydrates
plyhydroxyl aldehydes or ketones
what is the srucutre of a monosaccharide
- carbonyl
- hydroxyl groups
- 3–8 carbon backbone
how to you name non-cyclic monomers
- ends in ose
- aldo or keto depending in carboxyl
how do you name cyclic monomers
amoner, isomer, mono, ring type
name some important monosaccharides
d-RNA
d-2-Deoxyribose
d-Fructose
define oxidation
- gain of oxygen
- loss of hydrogen
- loss of electrons
define redution
- loss of oxygen
- gain of hydrogen
- gain of electrons
name some sugar derivatives
- sugar alcohol
- sugar acid
- amino sugars
- glycoproteins
- bacteria cell wall
how do sugar alcohols come about
reduction of carbonyl group
how do sugar acids come about
oxidation of aldehyde at C1 or OH a C6 int a carboxylic acid
what does potassium dichromate do
oxidises primary alcohols into COOH and secondary alcohols into ketones
what does Benedict’s reagent do
oxidises aldehydes into COOH and gives qualitative analysis
mechanism behind Benedict’s reagent
- add benedicts to glucose
- Cu2+ has is blue
- oxidation of the aldehyde on glucose causes colour change as precipitate is formed
- copper(1) oxide is red
what does benedict’s test for
reducing sugars
how do amino sugars come about
a hydroxyl group is substituted for an amino group
the amino groups can be acetylated
what are glycoproteins
proteins that have short carbohydrate chains
strucutre of a glycoprotein
carb is connected to the protein by a C-N OR C-O glycosidic bond btw an anomeric C and a side chain of the protein
why do bacteria need cell walls
they have high internal osmotic pressure and have variable external pressure- stops shrinking and bursting
what are bacteria cell walls made from
peptidoglycan
difference between gram pos and neg
gram pos is made up from many layers pf peptidooglycan while gram neg is 1 layer sandwiched between the lipid bilayers
