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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

definition of monosachharide

A

simple sugar monomer

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2
Q

definition of oligosaccharide

A

2-10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

define ppolysaccharide

A

long chain of joined monomers

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4
Q

what is the general formula of carbs

A

Cx(H20)y

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5
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

plyhydroxyl aldehydes or ketones

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6
Q

what is the srucutre of a monosaccharide

A
  • carbonyl
  • hydroxyl groups
  • 3–8 carbon backbone
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7
Q

how to you name non-cyclic monomers

A
  • ends in ose

- aldo or keto depending in carboxyl

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8
Q

how do you name cyclic monomers

A

amoner, isomer, mono, ring type

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9
Q

name some important monosaccharides

A

d-RNA
d-2-Deoxyribose
d-Fructose

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10
Q

define oxidation

A
  • gain of oxygen
  • loss of hydrogen
  • loss of electrons
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11
Q

define redution

A
  • loss of oxygen
  • gain of hydrogen
  • gain of electrons
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12
Q

name some sugar derivatives

A
  • sugar alcohol
  • sugar acid
  • amino sugars
  • glycoproteins
  • bacteria cell wall
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13
Q

how do sugar alcohols come about

A

reduction of carbonyl group

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14
Q

how do sugar acids come about

A

oxidation of aldehyde at C1 or OH a C6 int a carboxylic acid

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15
Q

what does potassium dichromate do

A

oxidises primary alcohols into COOH and secondary alcohols into ketones

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16
Q

what does Benedict’s reagent do

A

oxidises aldehydes into COOH and gives qualitative analysis

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17
Q

mechanism behind Benedict’s reagent

A
  • add benedicts to glucose
  • Cu2+ has is blue
  • oxidation of the aldehyde on glucose causes colour change as precipitate is formed
  • copper(1) oxide is red
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18
Q

what does benedict’s test for

A

reducing sugars

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19
Q

how do amino sugars come about

A

a hydroxyl group is substituted for an amino group

the amino groups can be acetylated

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20
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

proteins that have short carbohydrate chains

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21
Q

strucutre of a glycoprotein

A

carb is connected to the protein by a C-N OR C-O glycosidic bond btw an anomeric C and a side chain of the protein

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22
Q

why do bacteria need cell walls

A

they have high internal osmotic pressure and have variable external pressure- stops shrinking and bursting

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23
Q

what are bacteria cell walls made from

A

peptidoglycan

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24
Q

difference between gram pos and neg

A

gram pos is made up from many layers pf peptidooglycan while gram neg is 1 layer sandwiched between the lipid bilayers

25
Q

what happens in the test for gram pos and neg

A

gram pos = purple while gram neg is red

26
Q

what is the structure of alpha glucose

A

CH2OHCHCOH2COHHCHOHCOHHO

27
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

alpha has the OH of C6 on the bottom while it is on the top in beta

28
Q

what is a hemiacetal

A

aldehydes that have reacted with an aclohol

29
Q

what is the formula for an hemiacetal

A

R’-O-CHR-OH

30
Q

what happens with a hemiacetal

A

it becomes cyclic

31
Q

why do hemiacetal become cyclic

A

it has a hydroxyl and a carbonyl in the same molecule

32
Q

what is the mechanism behind cyclic hemiacetal

A
  • ketone has delta pos and neg
  • lone pair of electrons on hydroxyl on C5 are attracted to delta pos c
  • double bond becomes single
33
Q

what is a monosaccharide that a 6 membered ring called

A

pyranose

34
Q

what is a 6 membered ring called

A

pyran

35
Q

what is a 5 membered ring called

A

furan

36
Q

what is a monosaccharide with a 5 membered ring called

A

furanose

37
Q

what is a hemiketal

A

when ketones react with an alcohol

38
Q

what is the structure of a hemiketal

A

“R-O-RCR-OH

39
Q

how do cyclic hemiketal form

A

fuctose:
O on C5
O on C6

40
Q

how does cyclic hemiketal form with C5

A

Delta pos and delta neg on the ketone

Lone pair on C5 hydroxyl is attracted to c2

Double bond becomes single

CH20H 
C—OH 
CH20H 
up on : down on 
the ring : the ring 
D-Fructose 
Fischer proj ection 
6 CH20H 
OH 
OH 
CH20H 
2 
CH20H 
CH20H 
HO 
OH 
a-D-Fructofuranose 
(hemiketal of D-fructose) 
Haworth projection
41
Q

How does cyclic hemiketal form with C6

A

Delta pos and neg on ketone

Lone pair on C6 is attracted to C2

Double bond becomes single 

42
Q

what is mutarotation

A

the process of converting back and forth from an alpha anomer to the open form to the beta anomer

43
Q

what is an oligosaccharide

A

structure that contains few monomers connected by glycosidic bonds

44
Q

what bond connects carbohydrated

A

glycosidic

45
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

R’-CH-O-CH-R’’

46
Q

what is maltose

A
  • disaccharide of two d-glucose
  • has a-(1-4) glycosidic bonds
  • product of starch and glycogen
47
Q

what is lactose

A
  • glucose+ galactose

- has b-(1-4) glycosidic bonds

48
Q

what is suchrose

A
  • glucose+ fructose

- has a,b-(1-2) glycosidic binds

49
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

carbohydrate containing more than 10 monomers

50
Q

what are the two types of poly

A

homopolysaccharide and heteropolysacharide

51
Q

what is a homopolysaccharide

A

carb of just one type of mono

52
Q

what is a heteropolysaccharide

A

carb of more than one mono

53
Q

describe cellulose

A
  • fibrous substance in plants
  • long chains of b-D-glucose
  • connected by b-1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • hydrogen bonds create sheets which inturn create microfibrils
54
Q

describe starch

A
  • produced by plants as an energy store

- consists of amylose and amylopectin

55
Q

what is amylose

A
  • stereoisomer of cellulose
  • chain of a-glycopyranose
  • a-(1-4) glycosidic bonds
56
Q

what is amylopecitin

A
  • glucose residue

- both a-14 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

57
Q

structure of starch

A

highly branched which causes it to coil and be a flexible helical shape

58
Q

describe glycogen

A
  • animal storage molecule
  • highly branched chains of glucose
  • both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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