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BIOL 1107 > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Genes encode for…

A

proteins

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2
Q

Alkaptonuria is caused by a mutation in the gene…

A

HGD

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3
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA, RNA, protein

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4
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase II?

A

synthesizes an RNA from a DNA template

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5
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase I?

A

synthesizes ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase III?

A

synthesizes transfer RNA

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7
Q

What is a chemical language created through sequencing nucleotides reading from left to right where 3 DNA nucleotides become an RNA codon (in a gene)?

A

transcriptional unit

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8
Q

What is a primary transcript?

A

a completed array of three-letter codons that are sent to the ribosome to be transformed as a polypeptide

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9
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

the ribosome

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10
Q

What is mRNA?

A

when the gene codes for the synthesis of a protein

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11
Q

How many different combinations of mRNA codons are possible?

A

64

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12
Q

Cells can build __ mRNA sense codons- which implies_____

A

61, redundancy

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13
Q

What is life’s primary start codon?

A

AUG (met)

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14
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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15
Q

permease

A

allows lactose in the cell

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16
Q

beta-galactosidase

A

cleaves the bond between glucose and galactose monomer allowing glucose to move into glycolysis

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17
Q

Ribosomes consist of two parts…

A

large and small ribosomal subunit

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18
Q

Large ribosomal subunit

A

contains catalytic chambers where translation takes place

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19
Q

Small ribosomal subunit

A

initially binds to the mRNA

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20
Q

Transfer RNAs

A

bring amino acids coded for by the mRNA to the ribosome

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21
Q

tRNAs have an active site called…

A

anti-codon

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22
Q

tRNAs have another active site for the placement of an amino acid by an additional enzyme called…

A

amino-acetyl transferase

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23
Q

Where are the amino acids bound on a tRNA?

A

a CCA on a 3’ end

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24
Q

What part of the tRNA binds to the ribosome?

A

the left part of the tRNA aka the T-arm binds to the ribosome

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25
Q

What is opposite the T-arm on a tRNA? What is the function?

A

the D-arm; the region where aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase binds and attaches the correct amino acid to the CCA (leaves the tRNA charged- uses ATP to charge)

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26
Q

what is the function of the anticodon?

A

anticodon recognizes the mRNA sequence in translation

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27
Q

Ribosomes are…

A

a complex of proteins and ribosomal RNA

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28
Q

tropomyosin

A

protein involved in muscle contraction

29
Q

promoter

A

control sequence for transcription

30
Q

transcription

A

the mechanism by which information encoded in the DNA template strand is copied into a complementary RNA strand

31
Q

translation

A

uses the information encoded in the RNA copy to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide

32
Q

a protein-coding gene is transcribed into…

A

mRNA

33
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

the nucleotide information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

34
Q

What are the 3 stages of transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

35
Q

Initiation (transcription)

A

Molecular machinery assembles at the promoter and being synthesizing an RNA copy of the gene

36
Q

Transcription factor

A

bind to the promoter in the area of a special sequence known as the TATA box

37
Q

TATA box

A

where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded It is able to define the direction of transcription and also indicates the DNA strand to be read.

38
Q

elongation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase II moves along the gene extending the RNA chain; DNA continues to unwind ahead of the enzyme

39
Q

termination (transcription)

A

the RNA transcript and RNA polymerase II are released from the DNA template

40
Q

Uracil pairs with

A

adenine

41
Q

Genes encoding RNAs that are not translated are called…

A

noncoding RNA genes

42
Q

A eukaryotic protein-coding gene is transcribed into a _________ that must be processed in the nucleus to produce the translatable mRNA

A

precursor-mRNA (pre-mRNA)

43
Q

The ____ is the site where ribosomes attach to mRNAs at the start of translation

A

5’ cap

44
Q

proteins bind to a _________ transcribed near the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA and cleave the pre-mRNA downstream of that sequence

A

polyadenylation signal

45
Q

what enzyme adds a chain of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides (poly-A tail) to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA

A

Poly(A) polymerase

46
Q

exons

A

the amino acid coding sequences that are retained in finished mRNAs

47
Q

mRNA splicing

A

removes introns from pre-mRNAs and joins exons together

48
Q

where does mRNA splicing take place?

A

spliceosome

49
Q

Which gene is alternatively spliced in smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, fibroblast, liver, and brain?

A

the alpha-tropomyosin gene

50
Q

exon shuffling

A

a process by which existing protein regions or domains are mixed into novel combinations

51
Q

How is mRNA read?

A

5’ end to the 3’ end

52
Q

How is a polypeptide assembled?

A

N-terminus end to the C-terminus end

53
Q

Francis Crick’s Wobble Hypothesis

A

the pairing of the anticodon with the first two nucleotides of the codon is always precise, but the anticodon has more flexibility in pairing with the third nucleotide of the codon

54
Q

aminoacylation

A

addition of the correct amino acid to a tRNA

55
Q

ribosomes

A

ribonucleoprotein particles that translate mRNA into chains of amino acids

56
Q

tRNAs interact with mRNA at three binding sites on the ribosome, what are they?

A

A site, P, site, E site

57
Q

A site

A

aminoacyl-tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide binds here the aminoacyl site

58
Q

P site

A

tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain is bound here the peptidyl site

59
Q

E site

A

tRNA without an amino acid binds here at the exit site before exiting the ribosome

60
Q

Initiation (Translation)

A

components assemble on the start codon of the mRNA

61
Q

Elongation (Translation)

A

assembled complex reads the string of codons in the mRNA one at a time while joining specified amino acids into the polypeptide

62
Q

Termination (Translation)

A

complex disassembles after the last amino acid specified by the mRNA has been added to the polypeptide

63
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the codon in the A site of the ribosome- facilitated by a protein…

A

elongation factor

64
Q

a peptide bond forms between a C-terminal end of the growing polypeptide on the P site tRNA and the amino acid on the A site tRNA, catalyzed by…

A

peptidyl transferase

65
Q

_______ takes place when the A site arrives at one of the stop codons on the mRNA

A

termination (translation)

66
Q

The stop codon is read by a protein…

A

release factor or termination factor

67
Q

ribosomes continue to attach as translation continues and become spaces along the mRNA like beads on a string, forming a _____

A

polysome

68
Q

chaperones

A

helper proteins that help with folding other proteins into their functional 3-D shapes

69
Q

What 3 compartments are finished proteins sorted into within the cell?

A

the cytosol, the endomembrane system, membrane-bound organelles

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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