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BIOL 1107 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three lines of defense?

A

physical barriers, innate immune system, and adaptive immune system

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2
Q

Innate immune system

A

inherited mechanisms that protect the body from pathogens in a nonspecific way (has no memory of prior exposure to the pathogen)

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3
Q

adaptive immune system

A

inherited mechanisms leading to the synthesis of molecules that target pathogens in a specific way (retains a cellular memory of the pathogen)

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4
Q

What are some examples of physical barriers that help protect us?

A

tight junctions between epithelial cells; mucus layer secreted by many epithelial cells

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5
Q

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity constitute the ________

A

immune system

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6
Q

_______ and their derivatives, along with several types of plasma proteins, are responsible for the activities of the two immune systems

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

Some WBC are ______ that engulf bacteria and other cellular debris

A

phagocytosis

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8
Q

lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and then migrate to the ______

A

thymus

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9
Q

The innate immune system recognizes ______________ that are associated with pathogenic organisms but are absent in the host

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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10
Q

toll-like receptors

A

found on the cell surface and within the cell on various membrane-bound compartments (a class of pattern recognition receptors)

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11
Q

All of our epithelial surfaces, inside and out, are protected by antimicrobial peptides called ______

A

defensins

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12
Q

Defensins attack _____ of pathogens- thereby killing the cells

A

their plasma membranes

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13
Q

Do defensins play a role in innate or adaptive immunity?

A

innate

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14
Q

Infection by most pathogens involves ______

A

inflammation

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15
Q

cell-surface receptors on _____ recognize and bind to surface molecules on the pathogen- activating this ______ to engulf the pathogen

A

macrophages

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16
Q

Activated macrophages secrete ________, which bind to receptors on other host cells and through signal transduction pathways, trigger a response

A

cytokines

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17
Q

tissue damage activates ______, which releases histamine, an inflammatory signaling molecule

A

mast cells

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18
Q

Histamine and cytokines…

A

dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

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19
Q

Cytokines make the blood vessel wall stickier, causing circulating ______ and _______ to attach to it

A

neutrophils, monocytes

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20
Q

Neutrophils and monocytes are attached to the infection site by ________ secreted by activated macrophages

A

chemokines

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21
Q

Monocytes differentiate into _________ and along with the neutrophils, engulf the pathogens

A

macrophages

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22
Q

Antigen

A

a foreign molecule that triggers an adaptive immune response

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23
Q

Antigens are recognized by two types of lymphocytes…

A

B cells and T cells

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24
Q

______ differentiate from stem cells in the bone marrow and are carried in the blood to capillary beds serving the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system

A

B cells

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25
_______ differentiate from stem cells in bone marrow and are carried in the blood to the thymus. Involved in adaptive immunity.
T cells
26
What are the two types of T cells
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
27
In __________, B-cell derivatives called plasma cells secrete antibodies
antibody-mediated immunity
28
Antibodies
highly specific protein molecules that circulate in the blood and lymph recognizing and binding to antigens and clearing them from the body
29
In __________, a particular type of T cell becomes activated and with other cells of the immune system, attacks foreign cells directly and kills them
cell-mediated immunity
30
Specific _____ on the plasma membrane of one B cell or T cell bind to one specific antigen structure
receptors
31
A B-cell receptor consists of...
four polypeptide chains
32
T-cell receptors consist of...
a protein made up of two different polypeptides- they also have an antigen-binding site at one end and transmembrane domains at the other end
33
One end of the B cell receptor has two ______ and ________ domains which embed in the plasma membrane
antigen binding sites; transmembrane
34
T-cell receptors have one _____ and _____ domains
antigen-binding site; transmembrane
35
B cells have how many receptors?
2
36
T cells have how many receptors?
1
37
A B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor does not bind to the whole antigen molecule, but to small regions of it called ________ or ________
epitopes; antigenic determinants
38
What class of proteins do antibodies belong to?
immunoglobulins (Ig)
39
When a B cell is activated and differentiates into a plasma cell, it secretes antibodies identical to its, what?
B-cell receptor
40
Each antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains consisting of...
2 identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
41
each polypeptide chain of an antibody molecule has a ______ region and a _______ region
constant (C); variable (V)
42
The variable region of both heavy and light chains have a different _______ for each antibody molecule
amino acid sequence
43
The constant regions of the heavy chains in the tail part of the Y-shaped structure determine the _________
antibody class
44
Humans have five classes of antibodies; what are they?
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
45
IgG
the most abundant antibody circulating in the blood and lymphatic system- produced in large amounts when the body is exposed a second time to the same antigen
46
IgA
in secretions (like breast milk) binds to antigens on pathogens and blocks attachment to body surfaces
47
IgM
remains bound to cells that make it (as receptors
48
IgE
secreted by plasma cells of the skins and linkings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract binds to basophils and mast cells, triggering release of histamine
49
IgD
occurs with IgM as a receptor on the surfaces of B cells- function is uncertain
50
Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins function
present the antigen to tell other cell lines and white blood cells to attack antigen
51
Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins function
Class I is similar to Class II because it does present the antigen, but it presents itself as the threat to let the other cell lines know to attack it
52
The antigen-presenting cell presents the antigen to a lymphocyte, a helper or
CD4+ T cell
53
clonal expansion
proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells by cell division
54
clonal cell differentiate into ________, which assist with activation of other lymphocytes
helper T cells
55
A helper T cell is an _________, involved in effecting the specific immune response to the antigen
effector T cell
56
memory B cells
love-lived cells that prepare for a much more rapid response if the same antigen is encountered later
57
Clonal selection
the process by which a particular lymphocyte is specifically selected for cloning when it recognizes a particular foreign antigen
58
In ___________, toxins produced by invading bacteria can be neutralized by antibodies, which bind to the toxin molecules preventing them from carrying out their damaging action
neutralization
59
In __________ a population of antibodies links many bacteria together into a lattice, immobilizing the bacteria and preventing them from infecting cells
agglutination
60
Antibodies bound to antigens aid the innate immune response by stimulating the _______
complement system
61
The complement system forms __________
membrane attack complexes
62
Antibodies enhance _____ of bacteria and viruses
phagocytosis
63
phagocytic cells have receptors on their surfaces that recognize _________ end of antibodies
heavy chain
64
A _____________ occurs when the immune system is exposed to a foreign antigen for the first time
primary immune response
65
When does the primary immune response end?
by week 4
66
What 2 cells provide an immunological memory of the foreign antigen?
memory helper T cells and long-lived memory B cells
67
When the same foreign antigen enters the body again, a ________ results
secondary immune response
68
Active immunity
the production of antibodies in the body in response to exposure to a foreign antigen- immunological memory is produced by a primary immune response
69
passive immunity
the acquisition of antibodies from another person (mother->child) through the placenta or breast milk
70
cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells directly destroy host cells infected by pathogens
71
What are the five steps in cell-mediated immune response?
presentation of antigens on cell surface, activation of the T cell, production of cytotoxic T cells, attack of infected cell by cytotoxic T cell, and destruction of the infected cell
72
autoimmune diseases
some malfunctions of the immune system cause the body to react against its own proteins or cells
73
B cells and T cells are involved in the development of _______, which protects the body's own molecules from attack by the immune system
immunological tolerance
74
Lupus
a type of autoimmune disease- produces antibodies against blood cells, platelets, mitochondria, and proteins associated with DNA
75
Rheumatoid arthritis
a types of autoimmune disease- attacks connective tissues in the joins, causing pain and inflammation
76
Multiple sclerosis
a type of autoimmune disease that attacks myelin sheaths of neurons
77
Allergens
substances responsible for allergic reactions; induce B cells to secrete an overabundance of IgE antibodies
78
IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells in connective tissue and on ______, inducing the to secrete histamine, which produces a severe inflammation
basophils
79
asthma
severe response to allergens involving constriction of airways in the lungs
80
antihistamines
block histamine receptors and counter the effects of the histamine released by mast cells

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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