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BIOL 1107 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three lines of defense?

A

physical barriers, innate immune system, and adaptive immune system

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2
Q

Innate immune system

A

inherited mechanisms that protect the body from pathogens in a nonspecific way (has no memory of prior exposure to the pathogen)

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3
Q

adaptive immune system

A

inherited mechanisms leading to the synthesis of molecules that target pathogens in a specific way (retains a cellular memory of the pathogen)

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4
Q

What are some examples of physical barriers that help protect us?

A

tight junctions between epithelial cells; mucus layer secreted by many epithelial cells

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5
Q

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity constitute the ________

A

immune system

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6
Q

_______ and their derivatives, along with several types of plasma proteins, are responsible for the activities of the two immune systems

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

Some WBC are ______ that engulf bacteria and other cellular debris

A

phagocytosis

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8
Q

lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and then migrate to the ______

A

thymus

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9
Q

The innate immune system recognizes ______________ that are associated with pathogenic organisms but are absent in the host

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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10
Q

toll-like receptors

A

found on the cell surface and within the cell on various membrane-bound compartments (a class of pattern recognition receptors)

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11
Q

All of our epithelial surfaces, inside and out, are protected by antimicrobial peptides called ______

A

defensins

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12
Q

Defensins attack _____ of pathogens- thereby killing the cells

A

their plasma membranes

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13
Q

Do defensins play a role in innate or adaptive immunity?

A

innate

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14
Q

Infection by most pathogens involves ______

A

inflammation

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15
Q

cell-surface receptors on _____ recognize and bind to surface molecules on the pathogen- activating this ______ to engulf the pathogen

A

macrophages

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16
Q

Activated macrophages secrete ________, which bind to receptors on other host cells and through signal transduction pathways, trigger a response

A

cytokines

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17
Q

tissue damage activates ______, which releases histamine, an inflammatory signaling molecule

A

mast cells

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18
Q

Histamine and cytokines…

A

dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

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19
Q

Cytokines make the blood vessel wall stickier, causing circulating ______ and _______ to attach to it

A

neutrophils, monocytes

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20
Q

Neutrophils and monocytes are attached to the infection site by ________ secreted by activated macrophages

A

chemokines

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21
Q

Monocytes differentiate into _________ and along with the neutrophils, engulf the pathogens

A

macrophages

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22
Q

Antigen

A

a foreign molecule that triggers an adaptive immune response

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23
Q

Antigens are recognized by two types of lymphocytes…

A

B cells and T cells

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24
Q

______ differentiate from stem cells in the bone marrow and are carried in the blood to capillary beds serving the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system

A

B cells

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25
Q

_______ differentiate from stem cells in bone marrow and are carried in the blood to the thymus. Involved in adaptive immunity.

A

T cells

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26
Q

What are the two types of T cells

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

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27
Q

In __________, B-cell derivatives called plasma cells secrete antibodies

A

antibody-mediated immunity

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28
Q

Antibodies

A

highly specific protein molecules that circulate in the blood and lymph recognizing and binding to antigens and clearing them from the body

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29
Q

In __________, a particular type of T cell becomes activated and with other cells of the immune system, attacks foreign cells directly and kills them

A

cell-mediated immunity

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30
Q

Specific _____ on the plasma membrane of one B cell or T cell bind to one specific antigen structure

A

receptors

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31
Q

A B-cell receptor consists of…

A

four polypeptide chains

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32
Q

T-cell receptors consist of…

A

a protein made up of two different polypeptides- they also have an antigen-binding site at one end and transmembrane domains at the other end

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33
Q

One end of the B cell receptor has two ______ and ________ domains which embed in the plasma membrane

A

antigen binding sites; transmembrane

34
Q

T-cell receptors have one _____ and _____ domains

A

antigen-binding site; transmembrane

35
Q

B cells have how many receptors?

A

2

36
Q

T cells have how many receptors?

A

1

37
Q

A B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor does not bind to the whole antigen molecule, but to small regions of it called ________ or ________

A

epitopes; antigenic determinants

38
Q

What class of proteins do antibodies belong to?

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

39
Q

When a B cell is activated and differentiates into a plasma cell, it secretes antibodies identical to its, what?

A

B-cell receptor

40
Q

Each antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains consisting of…

A

2 identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

41
Q

each polypeptide chain of an antibody molecule has a ______ region and a _______ region

A

constant (C); variable (V)

42
Q

The variable region of both heavy and light chains have a different _______ for each antibody molecule

A

amino acid sequence

43
Q

The constant regions of the heavy chains in the tail part of the Y-shaped structure determine the _________

A

antibody class

44
Q

Humans have five classes of antibodies; what are they?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

45
Q

IgG

A

the most abundant antibody circulating in the blood and lymphatic system- produced in large amounts when the body is exposed a second time to the same antigen

46
Q

IgA

A

in secretions (like breast milk) binds to antigens on pathogens and blocks attachment to body surfaces

47
Q

IgM

A

remains bound to cells that make it (as receptors

48
Q

IgE

A

secreted by plasma cells of the skins and linkings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract binds to basophils and mast cells, triggering release of histamine

49
Q

IgD

A

occurs with IgM as a receptor on the surfaces of B cells- function is uncertain

50
Q

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins function

A

present the antigen to tell other cell lines and white blood cells to attack antigen

51
Q

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins function

A

Class I is similar to Class II because it does present the antigen, but it presents itself as the threat to let the other cell lines know to attack it

52
Q

The antigen-presenting cell presents the antigen to a lymphocyte, a helper or

A

CD4+ T cell

53
Q

clonal expansion

A

proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells by cell division

54
Q

clonal cell differentiate into ________, which assist with activation of other lymphocytes

A

helper T cells

55
Q

A helper T cell is an _________, involved in effecting the specific immune response to the antigen

A

effector T cell

56
Q

memory B cells

A

love-lived cells that prepare for a much more rapid response if the same antigen is encountered later

57
Q

Clonal selection

A

the process by which a particular lymphocyte is specifically selected for cloning when it recognizes a particular foreign antigen

58
Q

In ___________, toxins produced by invading bacteria can be neutralized by antibodies, which bind to the toxin molecules preventing them from carrying out their damaging action

A

neutralization

59
Q

In __________ a population of antibodies links many bacteria together into a lattice, immobilizing the bacteria and preventing them from infecting cells

A

agglutination

60
Q

Antibodies bound to antigens aid the innate immune response by stimulating the _______

A

complement system

61
Q

The complement system forms __________

A

membrane attack complexes

62
Q

Antibodies enhance _____ of bacteria and viruses

A

phagocytosis

63
Q

phagocytic cells have receptors on their surfaces that recognize _________ end of antibodies

A

heavy chain

64
Q

A _____________ occurs when the immune system is exposed to a foreign antigen for the first time

A

primary immune response

65
Q

When does the primary immune response end?

A

by week 4

66
Q

What 2 cells provide an immunological memory of the foreign antigen?

A

memory helper T cells and long-lived memory B cells

67
Q

When the same foreign antigen enters the body again, a ________ results

A

secondary immune response

68
Q

Active immunity

A

the production of antibodies in the body in response to exposure to a foreign antigen- immunological memory is produced by a primary immune response

69
Q

passive immunity

A

the acquisition of antibodies from another person (mother->child) through the placenta or breast milk

70
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells directly destroy host cells infected by pathogens

71
Q

What are the five steps in cell-mediated immune response?

A

presentation of antigens on cell surface, activation of the T cell, production of cytotoxic T cells, attack of infected cell by cytotoxic T cell, and destruction of the infected cell

72
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

some malfunctions of the immune system cause the body to react against its own proteins or cells

73
Q

B cells and T cells are involved in the development of _______, which protects the body’s own molecules from attack by the immune system

A

immunological tolerance

74
Q

Lupus

A

a type of autoimmune disease- produces antibodies against blood cells, platelets, mitochondria, and proteins associated with DNA

75
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

a types of autoimmune disease- attacks connective tissues in the joins, causing pain and inflammation

76
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

a type of autoimmune disease that attacks myelin sheaths of neurons

77
Q

Allergens

A

substances responsible for allergic reactions; induce B cells to secrete an overabundance of IgE antibodies

78
Q

IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells in connective tissue and on ______, inducing the to secrete histamine, which produces a severe inflammation

A

basophils

79
Q

asthma

A

severe response to allergens involving constriction of airways in the lungs

80
Q

antihistamines

A

block histamine receptors and counter the effects of the histamine released by mast cells

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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