Exam 2 BIOL 1108 Flashcards
How do the two species that make up a lichen benefit from their symbiotic association?
The fungi receive carbohydrates, and in some cases nitrogen from the algae, while the algae gain a “home” that anchors them on the substrate
How do fungi digest their food sources?
By secreting enzymes externally, directly into their surrounding environments
On a hike through a forest, you notice a circle of mushrooms each with a stock, cap, and gills on the underside of the cap. If you dig into the soil below the ring, which of the answer choices might you find? (1)
Remnants of a decaying tree
One a hike through the forest, you notice a circle of mushrooms, each with a stalk, cap, and gills on the underside of the cap. If you dig into the soil below the ring, which of the answer choices might you find? (2)
A net of fungal mycelia
On a hike through the forest, you notice a circle of mushrooms, each with a stalk, cap, and gills on the underside of the cap. If you dig into the soil below the ring, which of the answer choices might you find? (3)
Moist soil
Which of these locations is a point of entry through which a viral and bacterial pathogen can infect plant tissues? (1)
sites of herbivores damages
Which of these locations is a point of entry through which a viral and bacterial pathogen can infect plant tissues? (2)
open stomata
In both bryophytes and vascular plants, meiosis occurs in the dominant or most conspicuous phase of the life cycle
false
In bryophytes and some vascular plants, the sperm swims to the egg
true
In which lettered location in the figure would you find electrons moving between large protein complexes
thylakoid membrane
In which of the lettered locations in the figure would you find carbohydrate synthesis taking place?
stroma
In which lettered location in the figure is light initially captured?
thylakoid membrane
The multicellular sporophytes of bryophytes are haploid
false
Which of the fungal structures aid in spore dispersal?
fruiting bodies
during which of the processes does the cytoplasm of two hyphal cells fuse to form a dikaryotic (a + a) cell?
plasmogamy
A researcher isolates a species of fungus that only reproduces sexually. He introduces individual hyphae, all of the same mating type (i.e. with the same mating type alleles), into a petri dish. What do you expect will happen with the fungi in the dish?
No spores will be formed by the fungi in the petri dish
Angiosperms only provide energy-rich nutritive materials to ovules that have been successfully fertilized, whereas gymnosperms typically provide those resources even to unfertilized, and therefore sterile, ovules. What accounts for this angiosperm advantage?
double fertilization
About two-thirds of human caloric intake consists of wheat, rice, and corn. What tissues constitute the majority of the nutritional content of these plant-based foods?
endosperm and females gametophytes
Which of the challenges faced by plants in the early colonization of land was solved by a change in the life cycle to “alternation of generations”?
fertilization of the egg and dispersal of offspring
The xylem of angiosperms is composed of ____, allowing these plants to thrive in tropical climates and have high rates of photosynthesis. Gymnosperms are successful in cold climates because their xylem is composed of ___, which reduces the risk of cavitation due to freezing.
vessels, tracheids
Oil and coal are what remains of ancient forests after millions of years of exposure to subterranean high temperatures and pressure. What group of land plants if through to have contributed most to this fossil energy source?
Lycophytes
A seed from a yew tree germinates on the forest floor. During the first few months of the life, the sapling dedicates most of its resources to increasing in height rather than producing the defensive compound taxol. This allocation of resources is an examples of:
a trade-off
Which of these organisms can act as plant pathogens?
bacteria
Why do ant-plants invest in nectaries and protein/lipid food bodies on their young leaves?
It encourages the ants to visit these plant tissues which are most vulnerable to herbivory
What methods do grasses employ to deter herbivores and survive heavy grazing?
Grass shoot apical meristem remain close to the ground
Nitrogen is required to synthesize which of these defense compounds (which are, as a result, very costly for plants to produce)?
Alkaloids
Milkweed plants produce a variety of defenses, such as lead hair and latex filled canals, to deter herbivores. How can monarch caterpillars circumvent these obstacles?
By cutting the veins that transport latex through leaves
Recall that the bullhorn acacia forms a symbiosis with P. ferruginea ants. A researcher takes an acacia seed and plants it in an area without P. ferruginea ants. What will happen to this acacia plant?
Without P. ferruginea, the plant won’t form any new defenses and will be eaten by herbivores
Which of these statements is evidence for an arms race between plants and their antagonists?
diversification of the herbivores insects and plants occurs at the same time over evolutionary time
Why is it significant that pollen contains a multicellular male gametophyte instead of just male gametes?
The non-gamete cells of the male gametophyte control the growth and development of the pollen tube
What would be the result if gamete release took a gamete to an environment not previously colonized by that species?
Failure to colonize the new environment
Which of the plant groups first developed a sporophyte that becomes self-sustaining (i.e. is not dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients)?
ferns
In the life cycles of mosses and ferns, which of the structures are diploid?
sporophyte
How do seeds compare to spores as dispersal units?
Seeds are larger and heavier and require extra investment in tissues that aid dispersal
Which of the processes occurs in angiosperms when a sperm cell fuses with a haploid egg, and a second sperm merges with a diploid cell within the future seed to form the sperm?
double fertilization
Within the stem of a vascular plant, where would you expect to find the cells that are the most mature?
at the base of the stem near the soil
recall that, in many plants, if the shoot apical meristem is removed, axillary buds become active and new lateral branches form. Of what is this an example?
Apical Dominance
You purchase two identical houseplants and place them side by side on your windowsill. You water both plants equally. You leave plant A alone, but you pinch off the top of the growing stem of plant B, effectively removing the apical meristem. Which results would you expect to occur?
Plant B will be much bushier, with growth of many lateral branches
Which structure is the source of new cells that allows mature stems to grow in diameter
vascular cambium
Vascular cambium is one of two lateral meristems; the other is cork cambium. A plant grows in diameter primarily through divisions of the vascular cambium. If you pull a small piece of bark off of a tree and look at the bark’s inside surface, what tissue are you looking at? Ignore any remaining cells of vascular cambium that may be left.
phloem
A botanist is studying the growth rings of a redwood tree. She notices that three concentric rings are very thin compared to the surrounding growth rings. What can she deduce from the presence of these thin growth rings?
That tree may have experienced a drought or had limited access to nutrients during that time period
A houseplant is growing on your windowsill. Every Sunday, without fail, your roommate turns the plant 180 degrees. When you ask your roommate why she does that her reply is simply, “I want straight plants.” Does this method produce straight plants?
Yes. Rotating the plant will even out the growth of the plant toward the light by changing where the light hits the plant every week
The formation of branches in a root allows the root to maximize surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients. How is it that new branches may begin transporting resources to the plant almost as soon as the branch is formed?
The new branch forms from the pericycle, which is in contact with the vascular cylinder of the root.
One of the earliest evolutionary adaptations that helps plants retain water in a terrestrial environment is the:
cuticle
What is the role of the PEP carboxylase enzyme during both CAM and C4 photosynthesis?
To capture CO2 in the form of 4-carbon organic acids
CAM plants do not operate the Calvin cycle at night because:
It requires ATP and NADPH which are made only during daylight
Water transport in xylem depends on:
hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules
Which of the answer choices are accurate statements about root hairs and mycorrhizae?
Both increase in the surface area for nutrient uptake
Photosynthesis in green plants is composed of the ___ in which H2O oxidized, and ____, in which CO2 is reduced
Photosynthetic electron transport chain; the Calvin cycle
Which of the answer choices is an advantage of having two slightly different photosystems in the chloroplasts?
The electrons can be elevated to a higher energy level than is possible with a single photosystem
In plants, the initial electron donor in photosynthesis is…
H2O
Carbon enters the Calvin cycle in the form of…
CO2
In the evolution of photosynthesis, which of these processed happened first?
the acquisition of two photosystems by cyanobacteria
Leaves absorb the least amount of light in the _____ range of the visible spectrum
green
