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BIOL 1107 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neural signaling has four components, what are they?

A

reception, transmission, integration, response

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2
Q

Reception

A

detection of a stimulus (performed by neurons and by specialized sensory receptors

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3
Q

Transmission

A

the sending of a message along a neuron to another neuron or to a muscle or gland

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4
Q

Integration

A

the sorting and interpretation of neural messages and determination of the appropriate response

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5
Q

Response

A

the “output” or action resulting from the integration of neural messages

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6
Q

Afferent neurons

A

(sensory neurons) transmit stimuli from their sensory receptors to interneurons

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7
Q

Interneurons

A

integrate the information to formulate an appropriate response

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8
Q

Efferent neurons

A

carry signals indicating a response away from the interneuron to the effectors (muscles and glands)- motor neurons are efferent neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Interneurons are part of…

A

CNS

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10
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons are part of…

A

PNS

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11
Q

Neurons are made up of an enlarged ______ and two types of processes _________ and _______

A

cell body, dendrites, and axons

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12
Q

The cell body of a neuron contains ______ and _____

A

the nucleus and most organelles

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13
Q

________ receive signals and transmit them toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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14
Q

A single ____, arising from the ________ conducts signals away from the cell body to another neuron or effector

A

axon; axon hillock

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15
Q

Electrical signals carried by dendrites and axons are produced by ___ flowing down concentration gradients through channels in the plasma membrane of the neuron

A

ions

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16
Q

The tip of the axon has branches that end as small, buttonlike swellings called…

A

axon terminals

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17
Q

Connections between axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of a second neuron contribute to the formation of…

A

neural circuits

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18
Q

What does a neural circuit normally contain?

A

afferent (sensory) neurons, one or more interneurons, and an efferent neuron

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19
Q

Ganglion

A

a group of neurons lying outside of CNS

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

a concentration of cells within the CNS

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21
Q

______ include several types of non-neuronal cells that provide nutrition and support to neurons

A

glial cells

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22
Q

Astrocytes

A

(in the vertebrate CNS) closely cover the surfaces of blood vessels, providing physical support and maintaining concentrations of ions in the interstitial fuid

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23
Q

_________ in the CNS and ________ in the PNS wrap around axons to form insulating myelin sheaths

A

Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

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24
Q

gaps between Schwann cells or ______ speed signal transmission

A

nodes of Ranvier

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25
Q

A _______ is where a neuron makes a communicating connection with another neuron, or with an effector

A

synapse

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26
Q

On one side of the synapse is an axon terminal of the _________, the neuron that transmits the signal

A

presynaptic cell

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27
Q

On the other side of the synapse is the dendrite or effector cell that receives the signal (the ________)

A

postsynaptic cell

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28
Q

In _______ synapses, the plasma membranes of the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are in DIRECT contact

A

electrical synapses

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29
Q

When an electrical impulse arrives at the axon terminal, _______ allows ions to flow directly between the two cells

A

gap junctions

30
Q

Characteristics of electrical synapses…

A

rapid signal conduction; essentially “on” or “off” and are unregulated

31
Q

Where are electrical synapses found?

A

cardiac muscle, the retina of the eye, and the pulp of the tooth

32
Q

In _________ synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are separated by a narrow synaptic cleft

A

chemical synapses

33
Q

When an electrical impulse arrives at an axon, a _____ is released into the synaptic cleft (in chemical synapse)

A

neurotransmitter

34
Q

Characteristics of chemical synapse

A

more than a simple on-off switch; neurotransmitters used

35
Q

All animal cells have a _____, a separation of positive and negative charges across a plasma membrane that produces an electrical potential (voltage)

A

membrane potential

36
Q

Membrane potential is the result of ________ of the plasma membrane to charged molecules and ions

A

selective permeability

37
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

removes Na+ from the cytoplasm and bring in K+- producing separate concentration gradients

38
Q

What two factors establish the resting membrane potential?

A

1) the membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+; 2) large anionic molecules in the cytoplasm cannot cross the cell membrane

39
Q

The membrane of a neuron that is NOT conducting an impulse is POLARIZED, with a _________ of -50 to -70 mV

A

resting membrane

40
Q

____________ open and close when a neuron is stimulated, causing membrane potential changes

A

voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels

41
Q

The electrical potential necessary to balance the tendency of a particular ion to diffuse across the membrane is its ________

A

equilibrium potential (+50)

42
Q

Equilibrium potentials predict _________

A

ion movement across the cell membrane

43
Q

If a Na+ channel opens, large amounts of Na+ enter and _____ the cell

A

depolarize

44
Q

When a neuron transmits an electrical impulse, an abrupt change in membrane potential occurs called…

A

the action potential

45
Q

An action potential begins when a stimulus causes positive charges outside the membrane to flow inward, making the cytoplasmic side less negative- this is called

A

depolarization

46
Q

Depolarization proceeds slowly until it reaches ________, typically 10-20mV more positive than resting potential

A

threshold potential

47
Q

What happens once threshold is reached?

A

the action potential fires and the membrane potential suddenly increases; the inside of the plasma membrane momentarily becomes positive from an influx of positive ions (+30mV or more)

48
Q

When the potential falls against, dropped below the resting value to about -80 mV this is…

A

hyperpolarization

49
Q

An action potential is produced only if…

A

a stimulus is strong enough to cause a depolarization that reaches the threshold

50
Q

all-or-nothing principle

A

once triggered, the changes in membrane potential take place independently of the strength of the stimulus

51
Q

Beginning at the peak of an action potential, the membrane enters a ______ that consists of two phases

A

refractory period

52
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels have two gates, ________ and _________

A

activation gate; inactivation gate

53
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels have one gate _______

A

activation gate

54
Q

An action potential is initiated at the ______ end of the neuron, then travels away from the stimulation point as a wave of depolarization along the surface of the cell

A

dendrite

55
Q

In the _____, local current flow between the area undergoing an action potential and then adjacent inactive areas depolarizes the downstream membrane to threshold

A

axon

56
Q

The _______ keeps an action potential from reversing direction along an axon

A

refractory period

57
Q

only _____ voltage-gated ion channels are able to open, ensuring one-way movement

A

downstream

58
Q

The ____ of an action potential stays the same as it travels along an axon

A

magnitude

59
Q

The intensity of a stimulus is reflected in the _________ of action potentials- the greater the stimulus, the more action potentials per second

A

frequency

60
Q

In an unmyelinated axon, the rate of conduction increases with…

A

the diameter of the axon

61
Q

____ increases the rate of conduction in smaller axons

A

myelin

62
Q

In complex vertebrates, _______ allows action potentials to “hop” rapidly along myelin-coated axons

A

saltatory conduction

63
Q

Communication through chemical synapses allows neurons to…

A

receive inputs from hundreds to thousands of axon terminals at the same time

64
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

synaptic vesicles in the cytoplasm of an axon terminal

65
Q

arrival of an action potential at the terminal releases the neurotransmitters by ______

A

exocytosis (active transport)

66
Q

______ open or close ligand-gated ion channels that conduct Na+, K+, or Cl- across the postsynaptic membrane

A

neurotransmitters

67
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

a change in membrane potential that pushes the neuron closer to threshold; occurs when a ligand-gated Na+ channel opens and Na+ enters the cell (causes depolarization)

68
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

a change in membrane potential that pushes the neuron farther from threshold; occurs when a ligand-gated ion channel opens that allows Cl- to flow in and K+ to flow out (hyperpolarization)

69
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are _______ in which membrane potential increases or decreases without necessarily triggering an action potential

A

graded potentials

70
Q

The sum of all EPSPs and IPSPs at a given time determines the _______ in the postsynaptic neuron, and therefore, how that neuron responds

A

total potential

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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