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BIOL 1107 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

circulatory system consists of…

A

the heart, vessels, and fluid (blood)

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2
Q

lymphatic system

A

accessory system of vessels and organs that helps balance the fluid content of the blood and surrounding tissues and participates in the body’s defenses against invading disease organisms

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

vessels leaving the heart release bloodlike fluid (hemolymph) directly into body spaces (sinuses) that surround organs- hemolymph reenters the heart through valves in the heart wall

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4
Q

closed circulatory system

A

the fluid (blood) is confined to blood vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid- substances are exchanged between blood and interstitial fluid- then between interstitial fluid and cells

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5
Q

_______ have open circulatory systems

A

invertebrates

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6
Q

_____ conduct blood away from the heart (at relatively high pressure)

A

artery

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7
Q

nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and body tissues by diffusion across _______

A

thin walls of capillaries

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8
Q

blood returns through the hearts through ____ (relatively low pressure)

A

veins

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9
Q

Depending on the vertebrate, the heart consists of one or two ____ which receive blood returning to the heart

A

atria

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10
Q

Depending on the vertebrate, the heart consists of one or two ______, which pump blood from the heart

A

ventricles

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11
Q

Sharks and bony fish have ____ atrium and ____ ventricle

A

one, one

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12
Q

Fish have ___ chambered heart

A

2

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13
Q

amphibians have ___ atria and ___ ventricle

A

two, one

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14
Q

In amphibians, the ventricle pumps mostly oxygenated blood into a ________, which supplies most tissues of the body

A

systemic circuit

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15
Q

In amphibians, mostly deoxygenated blood is pumped to the _______, which leads to the lungs and skin

A

pulmocutaneous circuit

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16
Q

Turtles, lizards, and snakes have __ atria and __ ventricle(s)

A

two, one

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17
Q

For turtles, lizards, and snakes, the _______ carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

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18
Q

In humans, blood cells develop in ____

A

red bone marrow

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19
Q

Blood cells originate from _____ stem cells, which retain the embryonic capacity to divide

A

pluripotent

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20
Q

Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into two cell types

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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21
Q

______ stem cells give rise to erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

A

myeloid

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22
Q

_____ stem cells give rise to B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, which function in the immune system

A

Lymphoid

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23
Q

______ are important for osmotic balance and pH buffering- they are also transport hormones, therapeutic drugs, and metabolic wastes through the circulatory system

A

albumins

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24
Q

_____ transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, the immunoglobulins constitute antibodies and other immune system molecules

A

globulins

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25
Q

______ is essential in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

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26
Q

Most plasma proteins are synthesized in the _____

A

liver

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27
Q

immunoglobulins are synthesized by

A

B and T lymphocytes

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28
Q

Ions of the plasma include…

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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29
Q

_____ are disc-like cells containing large quantities of the O2-carrying protein hemoglobin

A

erythrocytes

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30
Q

A ________ mechanism controls the number of erythrocytes

A

negative feedback

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31
Q

if blood O2 content drops, the kidneys release __________, which stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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32
Q

human blood groups are determined by _____ on the surfaces of erythrocytes

A

antigens

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33
Q

______ eliminate dead and dying cells from the body, remove cellular debris, and defend against invading organisms

A

leukocytes

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34
Q

_________ are small vesicles that contain enzymes and other factors that take part in blood clotting

A

blood platelets

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35
Q

When blood vessels are damaged, platelets in leaking blood stick to ________ and release signaling molecules that induce additional platelets to stick to them, forming a plug

A

collagen fibers

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36
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

between atria and ventricles

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37
Q

seminlunar valves

A

between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart (aorta and pulmonary arteries)

38
Q

the right atrium receives ____ blood from the body

A

deoxygenated

39
Q

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart in _______

A

pulmonary veins

40
Q

Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins enters the _______

A

left atrium

41
Q

the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the _____

A

aorta

42
Q

the aorta gives off two _______ that branch extensively, leading to dense capillary beds that serve the cardiac muscle cells

A

coronary arteries

43
Q

the blood from the capillary networks collects into veins that empty into ____

A

the right atrium

44
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction and emptying

45
Q

diastole

A

relaxation and filling between contractions

46
Q

The first sound of the heart heard from a stethoscope is from the…

A

AV valves

47
Q

The second sound from the heart heard from a stethoscope is..

A

the SL valves

48
Q

contraction of cardiac muscle cells is triggered by ______ that spread along the muscle cell membranes

A

action potentials

49
Q

some crustaceans have ________ which beat under the control of signals from the nervous system

A

neurogenic hearts

50
Q

animals including insects and vertebrates have _____ which maintain their contraction rhythm autonomously

A

myogenic hearts

51
Q

The _______ coordinates contractions of individual cardiac muscle

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

52
Q

The SA node consists of _____________, which are specialized cells in the upper wall of the right atrium

A

pacemaker cells

53
Q

The ____________ is located in the heart wall between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

atrioventricular node

54
Q

Cells of the AV node are excited by the atrial wave of contraction, generating a signal that travels to the bottom of the heart via _________

A

Purkinje fibers

55
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

electrical signals in the heart can be detected by attaching electrodes to different points on the surface of the body

56
Q

Is the right side of the heart the pulmonary circuit or systemic?

A

pulmonary

57
Q

Is the left side of the heart the pulmonary circuit or systemic?

A

systemic

58
Q

What is the first thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?

A

pacemaker cells of the SA node send depolarization signals throughout the heart; the atria contract and the ventricles fill with blood

59
Q

What is the second thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?

A

the connective tissue between the atria and ventricles blocks the depolarization signal from the SA node from going directly from the atria to the ventricles

60
Q

What is the third thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?

A

the AV node becomes excited from the atria contracting; via the Purkinje fibers sends a signal to the walls of the ventricles

61
Q

What is the last thing to happen in the electrical cycle of the cardiac cycle?

A

the ventricles contract; sending blood to the aorta and pulmonary arteries

62
Q

the blood in vessels exerts ___________ pressure against the walls of vessels (blood pressure)

A

hydrostatic

63
Q

What are some factors that affect blood pressure?

A

determined by the force and amount of blood pumped by the heart, size, and flexibility of arteries; changes in activity, temperature, body positive, emotional state, diet, medications

64
Q

Blood pressure is highest in the ______, and drops as blood passes from ______ into _____

A

arteries, arteries, capillaries

65
Q

The peak of high pressure when ______ contract is systolic blood pressure, which can be felt as a pulse

A

ventricles

66
Q

hypertension

A

at least 140/90

67
Q

When a small artery reaches an organ, it branches into smaller _____, which branch into _________

A

arterioles, capillaries

68
Q

Capillary networks exchange substances between the blood and cells, then rejoin to form small _____

A

venules

69
Q

What is special about the outer layer of the artery wall?

A

it is an outer layer of connective tissues- containing collagen and elastin fibers, giving the vessel recoil ability

70
Q

What is the inner layer of flattened cells called in an artery?

A

endothelium

71
Q

The volume of blood flowing through an organ is adjusted by regulating the internal diameter of the ________ of the organ

A

arterioles

72
Q

The rate of flow of blood slows down in _______; and the rate of flow increases when blood returns to ________

A

capillaries, veins

73
Q

Slow movement of blood through the capillaries maximizes __________

A

the time for exchange of substances between blood and tissues

74
Q

________ are able to actively squeeze between the cells and pass from the blood into the interstitial fluid

A

Leukocytes

75
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

limits the exchange between capillaries and brain tissues to molecules and ions that are specifically transported through the capillary endothelial cells

76
Q

What two major mechanisms drive exchange of molecules and ions between capillaries and interstitial fluid?

A

diffusion along concentration gradients, and bulk flow

77
Q

Total diffusion is greatest near the ________, where the concentration differences between blood plasma and interstitial fluid are highest

A

arterioles

78
Q

Bulk Flow

A

carries water, ions, and molecules out of the capillaries through spaces between capillary endothelial cells; driven by blood pressure (higher than the pressure of interstitial fluid); bulk flow is also highest near the arterioles (pressure difference is highest)

79
Q

Many veins have interior _____ that form one-way valves that keep blood flowing toward the heart

A

flaps of connective tissue

80
Q

The thin walls of venules and veins expand and contract over a relatively wide range, allowing venules and veins to act as ____________

A

blood reservoirs (a place where fluid collects in the body)

81
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

lack of skeletal muscle activity can lead to blood clots

82
Q

The volume of blood in veins is adjusted by __________ and valves

A

skeletal muscle contractions

83
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

where smaller arterioles begin to restrict blood flow due to a progressive restriction of the arterioles lumen

84
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Where the muscular wall of the artery begins to lose its elasticity and becomes stiff

85
Q

Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries can reduce or block the flow of blood to heart muscle cells causing, a what?

A

heart attack

86
Q

Blockage of arteries in the brain is a common cause of…

A

stroke or cerebrovascular disease

87
Q

The three main mechanisms for regulating blood pressure are controlling ______, degree of constriction of blood vessels and total volume

A

cardiac output

88
Q

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system interact to coordinate blood pressure and flow

A

sympathetic

89
Q

Regulation of heartbeat strength and rate starts at ________ in the walls of blood vessels

A

baroreceptors

90
Q

Signals from baroreceptors go to the _________ in the brain stem

A

medulla

91
Q

The O2 blood content is detected by _________ in the aorta and carotid arteries

A

chemoreceptors

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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