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BIOL 1107 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

through the circulatory system

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2
Q

What two systems regulate and coordinate distant organs?

A

endocrine and nervous system

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3
Q

______ mainly controls activities that involve slower, longer-acting responses that may persist for hours, weeks, months, or even years

A

the endocrine system

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4
Q

What are the four types of cell signaling that occur in the endocrine system?

A

classical endocrine signaling, neuroendocrine signaling, paracrine regulation, and autocrine regulation

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5
Q

Classical endocrine signaling

A

hormones are secreted into the extracellular fluid by ductless endocrine glands, and circulate throughout the body in blood

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6
Q

Only _______ of a hormone, those with receptor proteins that recognize and bind that hormone, respond to it- the hormones may either speed up or inhibit cellular processes

A

target cells

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7
Q

Hormones are cleared from the body at a steady rate by enzymatic breakdown, where?

A

target cells, liver, or kidneys

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8
Q

In neuroendocrine signaling, specialized neurons called _______ release a neurohormone

A

neurosecretory neurons

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9
Q

The neurohormone is distributed by the ________ and elicits a response in target cells that have receptors for the hormone

A

circulatory system

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10
Q

Paracrine regulation

A

a cell releases a signaling molecule that diffuses through the ECF and acts on nearby cells (regulation is LOCAL)

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11
Q

Autocrine regulation

A

the local regulator acts on the same cells that produced it

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12
Q

What are the four classes of hormones and local regulators?

A

amine hormones, peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and fatty acid derived molecules

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13
Q

Amine hormones are involved in _______ and _________

A

endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling

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14
Q

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine are examples of…

A

amine hormones

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15
Q

Most amine hormones are based on ______

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

Peptide hormones are involved in classical ________ and __________

A

endocrine signaling and neuroendocrine signaling

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17
Q

What is an example of a peptide hormone?

A

growth factor

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18
Q

Growth factors

A

regulate division and differentiation of many cell types; act in paracrine and autocrine signaling

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19
Q

What type of signaling are steroid hormones involved in?

A

classical endocrine signaling

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20
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from?

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

What are types of steroid hormones?

A

aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

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22
Q

What types of signaling are fatty acid derived molecules involved in?

A

paracrine and autocrine

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23
Q

What is an example of a fatty-acid-derived molecule?

A

prostaglandins

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24
Q

The secretion of many hormones is regulated by negative feedback pathways- which means?

A

a product of the pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway

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25
Q

The hypothalamus secretes _____

A

thyroid-releasing hormone

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26
Q

in response to the thyroid-releasing hormone, the pituitary releases _________, which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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27
Q

Increasing thyroid hormone concentration in the blood inhibits thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion by the ________

A

pituitary

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28
Q

There are four hormone groups that keep fuel levels in balance; what are they?

A

insulin and glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and glucocorticoid hormones

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29
Q

Insulin and glucagon are secreted by…

A

the pancreas

30
Q

growth hormone is secreted by ______

A

the anterior pituitary

31
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by _______ and _______

A

the sympathetic nervous system; adrenal medulla

32
Q

glucocorticoid hormones are released by_______

A

the adrenal cortex

33
Q

Hormones control cell function by…

A

binding to receptor molecules in their target cells

34
Q

small quantities of hormones can produce profound effects by _____, in which each activated protein activates a larger number of proteins for the next step in the pathway

A

amplification

35
Q

__________ steroid and thyroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm

A

hydrophobic (can freely pass through plasma membrane)

36
Q

Can hydrophobic or hydrophilic hormones pass the membrane?

A

hydrophobic

37
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

increases Na1 reabsorption in the kidneys when concentration of the ion falls in the blood

38
Q

in mammals, epinephrine can bind to several different G-protein-coupled receptors known as _______

A

adrenergic receptors

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of the brain located in the floor of the cerebrum

40
Q

pituitary gland

A

consisting of two fused lobes, is suspended below the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue

41
Q

posterior pituitary

A

contains axons and nerve ending of neurosecretory neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

42
Q

anterior pituitary

A

contains nonneuronal endocrine cells that form a distinct gland

43
Q

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by peptide neurohormones called ______ and _____, which are released by the hypothalamus

A

releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones

44
Q

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are carried in the blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary in a _____ that provides a critical link between the brain and the endocrine system

A

portal vein

45
Q

What is the function of releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones?

A

they regulate the anterior pituitary’s secretion of hormones that control other endocrine glands and processes

46
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete into the bloodstream?

A

8

47
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and endorphins

48
Q

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

49
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to grow in size and secrete thyroid hormones

50
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

triggers hormone secretion by cells in the adrenal cortex

51
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

controls egg development and secretion of sex hormones in female mammals, and sperm production in males (maturation)

52
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

regulates part of the menstrual cycle in human females and the secretion of sex hormones in males

53
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are both…

A

gonadotropins (they regulate the activity of the gonads)

54
Q

Prolactin

A

influences reproductive activities and parental care in vertebrates; stimulation of mammary glands during suckling leads to prolactin release

55
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, bone growth; binds to target tissues causing them to release insulin-like GF

56
Q

endorphins

A

acts as a neurotransmitter in PNS that controls pain- inhibiting the perception of pain

57
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

stimulates kidney cells to absorb more water from urine, increasing volume of blood; released when the hypothalamus detects an increase in the blood’s osmotic pressure during periods of dehydration

58
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates ejection of milk of mammary glands; release is triggered by suckling, which sends neuronal signals to the hypothalamus; stimulates more oxytocin secretion by a positive feedback mechanism

59
Q

What are the seven major endocrine glands or tissues?

A

thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, gonads, pancreas, pineal gland

60
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the front of the throat in humans, is shaped like a bowtie

61
Q

the thyroid gland secretes the iodine-containing hormones __________ and _________

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); in the cell most T4 get converted to T3

62
Q

T3 triggers _____ in amphibians

A

metamorphosis

63
Q

hypothyroidism

A

slows mental and physical processes

64
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

produces nervousness and emotional instability, insomnia, weight loss, and a rapid and irregular heartbeat

65
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism is ________

A

Graves’ disease (characterized by inflamed, protruding eyes)

66
Q

Insufficient ____ in the diet can cause enlargement of the thyroid

A

iodine

67
Q

in mammals, the thyroid has specialized cells that secrete the peptide hormone _____, which lowers the level of Ca2+ in the blood by inhibiting release of calcium from bone

A

calcitonin

68
Q

Mammals have four _______ located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, two on each side

A

parathyroid glands

69
Q

parathyroid glands secrete _________ in response to a fall in blood Ca2+ levels

A

parathyroid hormone

70
Q

parathyroid hormone stimulates enzymes in the kidneys that convert ______ into its active form, increasing absorption of Ca2+ and phosphates from ingested food and releasing of Cq2+ from bone in response to PTH

A

vitamin D

71
Q

underproduction of parathyroid hormone causes ____ to fall, disturbing nerve and muscle function

A

Ca2+ concentration

72
Q

overproduction of parathyroid hormone results in ________

A

loss of calcium from bones and deposition in soft tissues (lungs, arteries, and kidneys)

BIOL 1107 (7 decks)

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