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Bio > Protein Synthasis > Flashcards

Protein Synthasis Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic DNA

A

Liner vs circular
Associated with histones vs not
Has introns vs no introns

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2
Q

Describe tRNA molecule

A
  1. Clover leaf shaped
  2. Amino acid binding site
  3. Single stranded
  4. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
  5. Anticodon which is complementary to codon to mRNA
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3
Q

Dna vs mRNA

A

Deoxyribose vs ribose sugar
Thymine vs uracil
Double helix vs single strand

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4
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

Prokaryotic- cytoplasm
Eukaryotic- nucleus

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5
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A
  1. DNA helicase unwinds double helix
  2. Hydrogen bonds broken
  3. Strands separated
  4. One strand = template
  5. Free nucleotides attracted to complementary bases
  6. Cytosine to guanine, uriclie to Adamine
  7. RNA polymerase joins nucleotides together
  8. Creates phosphdiester bonds
  9. Pre mrna spliced out (eukaryotic only)
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6
Q

Translation

A
  1. mRNA bonds to ribosome and finds start codon
  2. tRNA anticodons complementary to condons
  3. tRNA brings specific amino acid
  4. Amino acid joins by Peptide bonds
  5. With use of ATP
  6. tRNA released after amino acid joined to polypeptide
  7. Ribosome moves along the mRNA to form polypeptide
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7
Q

What is the genetic code

A
  1. Universal
  2. Non overlapping
  3. Degenerate
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8
Q

What does degenerate mean

A

More than one triplet/codon for each amino acid

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9
Q

Name three types of mutations

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Addition
  3. Deletion
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10
Q

What is a substitution mutation

A

Substitution mutations in third base often silent mutations as they don’t change amino acid codes for meaning no altered territory structure

Substitution mutations in first base will change amino acid coded for so tertiary structure will change

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11
Q

What is a addition mutation

A

1 full nucleotide gained
Which will alter base triplet from mutation onwards
Frameshift
Earlier the mutation occurs = larger effect

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12
Q

Can a mutation be advantageous

A

Yes, mutation may provide a better amino acid to be coded for which increases survival chances

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13
Q

Effect of a mutation

A
  1. Will alter primary structure as different sequence of amino acid in polypeptide chain
  2. Will alter secondary structure as positions of hydrogen bonds move affecting alpha helix and beta pleated sheets affected
  3. Alter tertiary structure as hydrogen bonds between R groups have changed may alter binding site of enzymes
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14
Q

What can a chromosomal mutation case

A

Down syndrome

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15
Q

What is a inversion mutation

A

When a segment of bases is reversed from end to end

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16
Q

What is duplication mutation

A

A doubling of a part of a chromosome

17
Q

Define a exon

A

Triplet sequence coding for polypeptide

18
Q

What is a allele

A

A different form of a gene

19
Q

What is meant by non overlapping DNA

A

Each base only part of one triplet

20
Q

Not all mutations cause a change in structure of a polypeptide
Give two reasons why ?

A
  1. Triplets may code for the same amino acid
  2. Occurs in the intron
21
Q

What is the name given to three bases on mRNA that codes for amino acid

A

Codon

22
Q

Give the two molecules which form a ribosome

A

Proteins and RNA molecules

23
Q

Describe how mRNA is produced from an exposed template strand of DNA
Do not include helicase or splicing

A
  1. Nucleotides form complementary base pairs
  2. Forms phosphodiester bonds
  3. By RNA polymerase
24
Q

Explain how the organic bases help to stabilise the structure of DNA

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs hold two strands together
  2. Many hydrogen bonds provide strength
25
Q

Suggest one advantage of showing the genetic code as base sequences on mRNA rather than triplets on DNA

A

DNA has two strands each with different base sequences

26
Q

What is a proteome of a cell

A

Number of different proteins a cell is able to produce

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