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Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the non specific defence mechanisms the body may launch against pathogen

A
  1. Pathogen engulfed by phagocyte
  2. Engulfed pathogen enters the cytoplasm of phagocyte into vesicle
  3. Lysosomes fuses vesicle release digestive enzyme
  4. Lysosomes enzyme break down pathogen
  5. Waste materials rejected from cell by exocytosis
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2
Q

Describe how a phagocyte destroys a pathogen in the blood

A
  1. Engulfes
  2. Forming vesicle
  3. Enzymes digest
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3
Q

Give two types of cell other than pathogen that stimulates an immune response

A
  1. Cancer cells
  2. Cells from other organisms
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4
Q

Describe how a vaccine leads to production of antibodies

A
  1. Contains antigen from pathogen
  2. Macrophage presents antigen on surface
  3. T helper cell with complementary receptor protein bind
  4. T cell stimulates B cell
  5. B cell divides to form clone secreting antibody ls
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5
Q

Explain humoral response leading to immunity

A
  1. B cells specific to antigen produced by mitosis
  2. B cells produce plasma and memory B cells
  3. Second infection produces antibodies quicker in larger quantities
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6
Q

Destine and explain the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis

A
  1. Bind to antigen
  2. Cause agglutination
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7
Q

Active vs passive immunity

A

Involves memory cells vs doesnt
A = Production of antibody by plasma/memory cells
P = antibody introduction into body from outside source
Active takes time vs passive fast

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8
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

Produced from the same B cell

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9
Q

Describe the structure of HIV

A
  1. Rna
  2. Reverse transcriptase
  3. Protein capsid
  4. Phospholipid envelope
  5. Attachment proteins
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10
Q

Describe how a person infected with HIV will develo AIDS

A
  1. High viral load leads to increased destruction of T helper cells
  2. Less activation of B cells
  3. Less production of plasma cells
  4. More able to destroy other microbes
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11
Q

Role of antibodies in a positive ELISA test

A
  1. Antibody binds to antigen
  2. Antibody with enzyme attached is added
  3. Antibody attaches to antigen
  4. Colour change
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12
Q

What is a antigen presenting cell

A

Cell that presents a non self antigen on their surface

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13
Q

What will the self shaping antigen look like on a cancer cell

A

Abnormal shape

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14
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign protein present on cell surface membrane
Stimulate a immune response

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15
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte binds to pathogen via receptors
Pathogen engulfed by phagocyte by endocytosis
Lysosome fuses with pathogen
Lysozyme break down pathogen

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16
Q

Antigenic variability

A

Antigen mutation
Changes tertiary structure
So look different
Immune system cannot detect
Pathogen is not killed

17
Q

B cells

A

Mature in bone marrow
Humoral response

18
Q

T cells

A

Thymus gland
Cell mediated response

19
Q

What do T cells respond to

A

Only respond to antigens which are presented on cell

20
Q

Cell mediated response

A
  1. Pathogen engulfed destroyed by phagocytes become antigen presenting cell
  2. T helper cells have receptors on surface attach to antigen on APC
  3. Once attached- activates T helper cell divide by mitosis
  4. Cloned t helper cells differentiate- memory cells, cytotoxic T cells or phagocytes
21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy abnormal infected cells
Release perforin protein embeds in cell surface membrane making pore
Causes cell death

22
Q

Where are cytotoxic T cells most common

A

Viral infection due to virus infect body cells
Sacrificed to prevent viral replication

23
Q

Benefits of vaccination

A
  1. Prevent disease
  2. Eliminates disease eg smallpox
  3. Prevent epidemic
  4. Speed up body response to disease
    Negitive
  5. Allergic reactions
  6. Side effects
  7. Weakened virus becomes virulent
24
Q

Antibody structure

A

Quaternary structure
Variable region top
Constant region doesn’t change
Long chain in middle = heavy chain
Short chain outside = light chain

25
Q

Antigen antibodies complex

A

Antibodies bind to antigen

26
Q

Agglutination

A

Antibodies flexible
Can bind to multiple antigen to clump them together
Easier for phagocytes to locate pathogen

27
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

Single type of antibody that can be isolated and cloned

28
Q

What can monoclonal antibody be manipulated for

A

Medical treatment
Pregnancy test
Medical diagnosis

29
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies introduced into body
No pathogen therefore plasma and memory cells not made
No long term immunity

30
Q

Active immunity

A

Immunity created by own immune system following exposure to pathogen or its antigen
Natural - following infection
Artificial - vaccine

31
Q

Herd immunity

A

If enough of population vaccinated
Pathogen cannot spread easily amongst population
Protects those who aren’t vaccinated

32
Q

Non specific response

A

Phagocyte moves towards pathogen via chemotaxis
Phagocyte engulf pathogen forms phagosome
Lysosomes fuses phagosome
Lysozymes digest pathogen
Pathogen is destroyed

33
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Any cell presenting non self cell on cell membrane eg
Macrophages and cancer cells

Bio (14 decks)

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