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HB 130: Nutrition > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts make up an amino acid

A 
Acid group (carboxyl end)
Amine group (amine end-nitrogen)
Side Chain (20of these, some contain nitrogen)
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2
Q

What are the two conditionally essential amino acids?

A

Cysteine, Tyrosine

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3
Q

What do we mean conditionally essential

A

In order for us to make the conditionally essential amino acids we need enough of methionine (to make cysteine) and phenylalanine (to make tyrosine)

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4
Q

How many other amino acids can each amino acid bond to

A

TWO!

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5
Q

What’s the primary structure of proteins

A

sequence of amino acids

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6
Q

What’s the secondary structure of proteins

A

alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

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7
Q

What’s the tertiary structure of proteins

A

Interactions with itself

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8
Q

What’s the quaternary structure

A

The way one protein interacts with another

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9
Q

Does denaturation change protein sequence or amino acid content

A

NO. Denaturation only changes their unique conformations.

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10
Q

Does the mouth contribute to protein digestion?

A

No

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11
Q

How does the stomach contribute to protein digestion

A

The stomach acid denatures food proteins; it secretes protein digesting enzyme

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12
Q

How does the pancreas contribute to protein digestion

A

Secretes protein digesting enzymes

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13
Q

How does the small intestine contribute to protein digestion

A

It has enzymes that break dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids; Absorbs primarily single amino acids

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14
Q

What does the bloodstream do with protein digestion

A

Transports amino acids to all the body’s cell

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15
Q

What are the roles of protein in the body?

A

Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Transport across cell membrane, Electrolyte and Fluid Balance, Acid-Base Balance, and Providing Energy.

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16
Q

Proteins transport

A

substances into and out of cells.

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17
Q

When will proteins provide energy?

A
  • If the body is short on carbs and fat
  • If you ate more protein than you need, it will convert it to carbohydrate and fat
  • When the body has too much of any amino acid
  • When the protein quality is poor
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18
Q

What’re the fates of an amino acid

A
  • Build a protein
  • Make a nitrogen containing molecule
  • Make a different amino acid
  • Provide energy in absence of sufficient carb
  • Converted to ENERGY when protein in excess of need consumed
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19
Q

Which kinds of protein are the easiest to digest

A

Animal proteins: 90%
Legumes: 80%-90%
Grains and others: 70%-90%

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20
Q

Can the use of protein differ by circumstance?

A

YES. Depending on health, malnourished, infection, would healing.

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21
Q

What is the limiting amino acid?

A

The ESSENTIAL amino acid that is present in dietary protein in the lowest amount proportional to its requirement.

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22
Q

Portion size of animal protein

A

about 3 oz

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23
Q

Portion size of plant protein

A

Modest portion of any 3-4 foods

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24
Q

High protein diets are shown to have greater…

A

Weight loss
Appetite Suppression
Decrease in Blood Pressure
Decrease in Triglyceride

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25
Q

Satiety Rankings

A

Protein > Carbohydrate > Fat

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26
Q

Which population is in positive nitrogen balance?

A

Growing child, muscle builder, pregnant woman

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27
Q

Which population is in nitrogen equilibrium?

A

College student, healthy adult.

28
Q

Which population is in negative nitrogen equilibrium?

A

Astronaut, surgery patient

29
Q

Marasmus

A

Infants + toddlers, wasting, impaired growth, digestive tract deteriorates. Protein deficiency.

30
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

1-3 year olds, swollen belly from fatty liver as a result of protein deficiency.

31
Q

Are there potential adverse effects of too much protein?

A

Heart problems (or is it from saturated fat), Kidney (has to eliminate excess nitrogen), Bones (increased calcium excretion)

32
Q

Do protein and amino acid supplements work?

A

Not really, also probably not safe.

33
Q

What are the downside of single amino acids

A

They compete for carriers that are supposed to take up a range of amino acids; creates secondary deficiency of OTHER amino acids that aren’t sufficiently absorbed.

34
Q

Does eating extra protein make your muscles grow larger

A

NO,

35
Q

What is the RDA for protein for women?

A

46 g/day.

On average women get 65 g/day.

36
Q

What is the RDA for protein for men?

A

58 g/day.

On average men get 105 g/day.

37
Q

What’re the advantages of beans?

A

Soy protein quality and quantity is high, and they are excellent sources of fiber, B-vitamins, Iron, Calcium, Other Minerals.

38
Q

Positive aspects of Vegetarian Diet

A

Protection from bad health consequences (obesity, diabetes, high bp); Difficult to separate contribution of replacement phenomena.

39
Q

Positive aspects of Meat Eater’s Diet

A

Growth, Support during critical times, obtaining nutrients

40
Q

Celiac Disease

A

An immune-mediated disease for which early serologic diagnosis and dietary treatment can prevent severe, sometimes life threatening complications.

Damages the lining of the small intestine and prevents proper nutrient absorption.

41
Q

Gluten Intolerance

A

One of the most common genetic diseases of humankind, occurring in 1/130 to 1/300 individuals in the European general population.

42
Q

Gluten

A

Composite of gliadin + glutenin.

43
Q

Where is gluten located?

A

In the endosperm of wheat, barley, rye, and maybe oats.

44
Q

Gluten Function

A

Seitan (fake meat), Bread dough elasticity, Chewy Texture

45
Q

Gluten Free

A

A gluten-free diet is the only known effective medical treatment for celiac disease.

46
Q

Can fat be converted into a different maconutritent?

A

NO

47
Q

How much of the wheat kernel is gluten?

A

80%

48
Q

How much of wheat flour is protein?

A

10%

49
Q

Most individuals who go gluten free and “feel better” are likely to be experiencing?

A

A decrease in refined foods, which is still good for them.

50
Q

What factors go into requirement standards for protein in terms of who the person is?

A
  • Growing or not
  • Body size
  • Maintain/gain muscle mass
51
Q

What types of diets are there when considering protein intake relative to requirement

A

Omnivore, Vegetarian, Vegan

52
Q

What are protein requirements based on?

A

Muscle maintenance.

53
Q

Vegan diets can be problematic in that they…

A

have poor amino acid distribution!

Someone on vegan diet will use less than their total consumption for functional purposes.

54
Q

If you’re interested in gaining muscle mass, are you going to use MORE or LESS of your daily requirement?

A

MORE because you’re working on gains.

55
Q

What is the limiting amino acid of grains (like white rice)

A

Lysine

56
Q

What is the limiting amino acid of beans

A

Cysteine (or methionine)

57
Q

What does PDCAA stand for

A

Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid score

58
Q

What does the PDCAA score measure

A
  • Amino Acid Distribution

- Digestibility (Fiber)

59
Q

What foods will have better PDCAA score, Eggs or Soy?

A

EGGS (All animal foods have 100)

60
Q

What is the DRI value for protein

A

.8/kg/day based on body weight.

Recommendation, not requirement.

61
Q

What is the DV for protein

A

50 g/day

62
Q

WHO recommendation for protein

A

10%-15% of daily calories

63
Q

DRI AMDR for protein

A

10%-35% of daily calories

64
Q

How much protein does the average person have stored for times of protein shortage

A

NONE; No storage depot

65
Q

Do all plant foods contain all essential and non-essential amino acids?

A

YES.

66
Q

When your body excretes protein…

A

It must remove the nitrogen group from the amino acid.

HB 130: Nutrition (11 decks)

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