Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HB 130: Nutrition > Fats > Flashcards

Fats Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of dietary fats?

A

Triglycerides (95% of fat)
Phospholipids
Sterols (5% of fats with phospho.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 fatty acid families

A

Saturated
MONO-unsaturated
POLY-unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which fatty acid has double bonds?

A

unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Triglycerides

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

glycerol is the 3-carbon backbone of triglycerides that holds the fatty acids together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphorous

phosphorous makes the phospholipid water soluble, so they emulsify fat

responsible for cell membrane structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sterols

A

large complicated molecules, interconnected rings

form bile, vitamin d, steroid hormones, and cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Saturated fats

A

animal fats

exception: tropical plant fats (pam kernel oil, coconut oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

plants!

exception: Fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do we get the majority of our total saturated fat?

A

Animal sources, and junk food (ice cream, cakes, cookies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mouth’s role in digestion of lipid

A

TRIVIAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stomach role in lipid digestion

A

fat floats, which delays gastric emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Small Intestine role in lipid digestion

A

In the SI, fat is emulsified by BILE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is bile stored

A

GALLBLADDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is bile made

A

LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to emulsified fats

A

Lipases from the pancreas break the fats into glycerol, individual fatty acids, and monoglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does anything break up triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

YES. Intestinal lipases similiar to pancreatic lipases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are small digested lipid products absorbed?

A

Small products can go directly into the blood stream and are taken to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are large digested lipid products absorbed?

A

Larger products are reformed into triglycerides, and incorporated into CHYLOMICRONS and go into the lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the structure of lipoproteins

A

Surface: Phospholipids with embedded proteins

Core: Cholesterol and Triglycerides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 types of lipoprotein?

A
  1. Chylomicron
  2. vLDL
  3. LDL
  4. HDL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the relative composition difference between LDL and HDL

A

LDL: is low-density lipoprotein, and it has more lipid and less protein.

HDL: is high-density lipoprotein, and it has more protein and less lipid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the absolute composition difference between LDL and HDL

A

HDL has less of everything per particle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How long do chylomicrons spend circulating in the blood?

A

Minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe chylomicron process

A

Created in intestines, secreted into blood through subclavian vein, drops of triglycerides in adipose tissues, muscle. Eventually, chylomicron remnant with just dietary cholesterol goes back to liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to chylomicron remnants in the liver?

A

It’s broken down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vLDL circulation process

A

Same as chylomicron, but some gets cleared by the liver. Some that continues to lose TG and surface protein is then converted to LDL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How long does vLDL circulation take

A

MINUTES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do Chylomicron and vLDL get cleared so quickly from the blood? (within minutes)

A

They have a very effective protein on their surface (apolipoprotein E) that activates a receptor on cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When vLDL becomes an LDL, the effective protein (apo E) is lost which is why

A

LDL takes DAYS to circulate in the blood.

only apolipoprotein B is still with LDL and it only weakly activates cell receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does a lot of the LDL go?

A

to the liver! receptors for LDL work slowly on LDL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens when LDL particles work their way into the lining of blood vessels

A

Cholesterol contributes to PLAQUES in the arteries that create blockages, and eventually lead to heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Try to describe how HDL particle gets formed

A

Gets protein from the liver, and cholesterol from cells all over the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does HDL do? Describe reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL particle delivers cholesterol FROM the cells of the body TO the liver.

Then it goes back for more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Do we know how HDL is cleared from circulation?

A

Nope not yet, it’s unclear.

35
Q

Why doesn’t dietary cholesterol contribute substantially to cholesterol in the blood?

A

The liver makes ~1000mg/day, and only about ~50% of cholesterol in the diet is absorbed, dietary/absorbed cholesterol is delivered to the liver, when the liver receives no dietary cholesterol it makes ~1000mg/day, so when the liver gets some dietary cholesterol it makes that much less total for a day.

36
Q

For a lot of people, dietary cholesterol makes no difference unless its

A

OVER 2000 mg/day.

37
Q

How does dietary saturated fat impact blood cholesterol?

A

High dietary saturated fat DOWNREGULATES the LDL receptor in the tissues that take it up.

This makes it even harder to clear LDL from the blood, making the LDL cholesterol levels in the blood rise.

38
Q

What happens when we replaced saturated fat in the diet with unsaturated fat?

A

LDL receptors are UPREGULATED, and blood cholesterol levels decrease.

39
Q

What’s the moot point?

A

Most sources of saturated fat are also sources of cholesterol, except for eggs (high C, low SF), shell fish (high C, low SF), and butter (low C, high SF)

40
Q

What does the liver do

A

Makes bile

41
Q

What does bile do

A

Emulsifies fat

42
Q

What does the gall bladder do

A

It stores bile until needed

43
Q

What does the bile duct do

A

Takes bile to the small intestine

44
Q

Reaven Study

A

Intervention study, dietary cholesterol had no detectable change in LDL cholesterol, foods & chronic disease risk factors.

45
Q

Fat Cells

A

Membrane can enlarge substantially to accommodate more fat storage

46
Q

Function of Fat

A
  • Main storage form of energy
  • Secrete hormones and produce enzymes
  • Shock absorbers
  • Insulation
  • Cell Membranes
  • Poly-unsats have role in metabolic regulation
  • Cholesterol is converted to bile acids, sex hormones, vitamin D, and cell membranes
47
Q

How are fatty acids made from carbohydrates

A

Glucose is broken down, and the fragments can provide energy for tissues if needed, but if not needed the fragments can be reassembled into fatty acid chains.

48
Q

Recommendations for fat

A

Under 30% of calories from total fat.

49
Q

Recommendations for saturared fat

A

Under 10% of calories from saturated fat.

Theres no dietary requirement for saturated fat, body makes it on a daily basis.

50
Q

What are some strategies for lowering LDL cholesterol

A

Increase Fiber
Decrease Sat. Fat and cholesterol
Plant sterols
Weight loss

51
Q

Recommendation for cholesterol

A

Under 300mg/day, liver can accommodate much more than in regulating cholesterol balance

52
Q

What are the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Linoleic Acid

Linolenic Acid

53
Q

Omega-3 fats are always

A

polyunsaturated!

54
Q

What’s the difference between omega-3 and omega-6

A

Position of the last double bond.

Omega-6 double bond is 6 carbons back from end carbon. Same with omega-3, 3 carbons back.

55
Q

What’s the majority of polyunsaturated fat in our diets

A

Omega-6

56
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

Omega-6, from plant based foods

Most vegetable/plant sources of fat (safflower, sunflower oil, walnuts, etc)

57
Q

Linolenic Acid

A

Omega-3, from plant based foods

Few vegetable/plant sources of fat (flax is the single best sources, walnuts and soy yes but more omega-6)

58
Q

What’s the DRI for the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3?

A

It’s controversial, but the DRI says a 10:1 ratio

EPA and DHA have no specific recommendation.

59
Q

What’s the difference in structure between HDL and LDL

A

None!!!

It’s not the cholesterol, it’s the particle that carries it.

60
Q

Is there a recommended amount of fish oil?

A

No DRIs, so it’s okay for landlocked people!

61
Q

Can our bodies change fatty acids?

A

YES.

We can make them longer and also add double bonds.

62
Q

Can our bodies turn omega 3 into omega 6?

A

No, once an omega 6, always an omega 6.

63
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Hormone-like molecules used by the body to regulate metabolism?

4 families

Conversion of omega-3s.

64
Q

Phospholipids

A

Found in the cell membrane of various cells.

65
Q

Phospholipids are preferably

A

long chain, unsaturated fatty acid Arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA (made by the body)

66
Q

Why is omega-3 fatty acid potentially healthy

A

due to their hormone-like effects

67
Q

What is linoleic acid converted into

A

arachidonic acid

68
Q

What is linolenic acid converted into

A

EPA (inefficiently) and some EPA can be converted into DHA (inefficiently)

69
Q

Since conversion of EPA and DHA is inefficient, the benefit of them is realized if

A

they are consumed in the diet!

70
Q

For people with elevated triglycerides

A

3-4 grams/day of fish oil can substantially lower triglycerides

71
Q

GISSI study in italy on fish intake

A

10% reduction in heart disease for fish lovers, barely statistically significant, fell into nutrient and chronic disease category, INTERVENTION.

72
Q

Meta-analysis for omega-3

A

Nutrients & Chronic Disease; Interventions; Insufficient evidence of a secondary prevention effect among patients with a history of cardiovascular disease

73
Q

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

A

Start with plant oil (unsaturated) and add H+ atoms making the fat saturated.

Fat becomes more solid, used for frying, spreading, and longer shelf life.

EX: Frosting, Butter.

74
Q

Trans Fatty Acids

A

Found naturally in small amounts in dairy and meat.

Main dietary source is byproduct of hydrogenation process, unsaturated fatty acids change their shape. Makes a previously non-linear fatty acid STRAIGHT.

Worse for us than saturated fats. Primarily found in junk foods.

75
Q

Fat Replacers

A

Unhealthy bc if your body can’t absorb it, you’ll probably poop it out!

EX: Olestra.

76
Q

What are strategies for raising HDL cholesterol

A
  • Weight-loss/exercise
  • Decrease elevated triglycerides; decreased carb intake (junk-food carbs)
  • Moderate alcohol intake
  • Oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy
77
Q

What fatty acids do we not get much of in our diet?

A

We get very little arachidonic acid in our diet, so body makes it from linoleic acid.

78
Q

What are the symptoms of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids deficiencies

A

Reproductive Failure
Skin Abnormalities
Kidney/Liver Disorders
Retarded growth in infants and children

79
Q

How can you differentiate between animal and plant saturated fats?

A

Animal fats are predominantly C16 & C18, where as plants are C12 & C14.

80
Q

How does plant based saturated fat impact LDL and HDL

A

It causes both of them to raise

81
Q

How do animal based saturated fats impact LDL and HDL

A

Lowers HDL and raises LDL

82
Q

Which fatty acids are we recommended to get from our diet?

A

We inefficiently make EPA and DHA so we should consume it.

83
Q

What are the benefits of omega-3s?

A

Increased blood thinning, increased vasodilation, decreased triglyceride, and decreased inflammation

HB 130: Nutrition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions