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HUN 4221 EXAM 3 > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

In the Stomach, how is protein digested?

A

Gastric parietal cells release HCL

  • hCL disrupts protein structure
  • Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
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2
Q

What is the function of pepsin?

A

It cleaves peptide bonds within and distant from the ends of a polypeptide chain to form large polypeptides and oligopeptides

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3
Q

What is used in protein digestion in the small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin

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4
Q

Where is CCK and secretin synthesized in and in response to what?

A

The duodenum in response to acid chym

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5
Q

What does CCK and secretin trigger?

A

Trigger pancreatic acinar cells to secrete bicarbonate, electrolytes, water, and digestive proenzymes such as:

  • Trypsinogen
  • Chymotrypsinogen
  • Procarboxypeptidases
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6
Q

Where is Enteropeptidase secreted from?

A

Secreted from glands in duodenum

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7
Q

What does Enteropeptidase activate?

A

The conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin

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8
Q

What does Trypsin activate?

A

Converstion of Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase

Converstion of Chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

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9
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
TV TILL PM and Histidine
Tryptophan
Valine
Threonine
Isoleucine 
Lysine 
Leucine 
Phenal 
Methionine
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10
Q

What are examples of non-essential amino acids and how are they synthesizes in vivo?

A

Cysteine made from methionine

Tyrosine made from Phenylalanine

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11
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

Amino acids are absorbed mainly in the proximal small intestine via paracellular transport or via amino acid transporters

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12
Q

How are peptides absorbed?

A

Absorbed via PEPT1

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13
Q

What is the primary system the body uses to absorb AA?

A

PEPT1; we do not need to break them down all the way. They are absorbed much quicker this way.

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14
Q

What kind of transporter is PEPT1?

A

A cotransporter

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15
Q

What organs help regulate amino acid homestasis?

A

Intestine and kidney

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16
Q

Why is taking protein supplements (powder) such as glutamine bad?

A

Because it saturates the transporters and does not allow the transporters to take in other AA. Could end up with lower levels of other AA

17
Q

Where is protein in the body?

A

Mostly in the skeletal muscle
Blood and Skin ~15%
Remainder in other tissues liver kidney brain lung

18
Q

About 50% of all the protein in your body can be represented by what proteins?

A

Myosin (muscle)
Actin (muscle)
Collagen (skin)
Hemoglobin (blood)

19
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Major functional and structural component of every cell in the body.

  • Enzymes
  • Transport proteins
  • Hair, fingernails, keratin, collagen
20
Q

Protein by weight is mainly 16% what?

A

amino nitrogen

21
Q

The objective of protein catabolism/metabolism is what?

A

To get rid of the nitrogen by going through transamination, deamination, and then urea excretion.

22
Q

After protein is metabolized/catabolized what is left and what do you use it for?

A

A carbon skeleton and it is used to for energy by oxidizing it.

23
Q

Which vitamins are needed for AA oxidation?

A

Pyridoxine (B6)
B12
Biotin

24
Q

What vitamins are needed for AA interconversion?

A

Pyrodoxine (B6)
B12
Folate

25
Q

What is the first step of AA catabolism?

A

To get rid of the nitrogen by transamination

26
Q

What is the protein transamination mechanism that B6 is involved in?

A

amino acid loses nitrogen and forms a alpha keto acid. nitrogen is then excreted in urine.
aminotransferase is the enzyme involved.

27
Q

What type of anemia occurs in B12 def?

A

Megalloblastic anemia

28
Q

What AA would you measure to determine that someone has megaloblastic anemia.

A

Plasma Methionine levels. Low in people who have megaloblastic anemia (B12 def)

29
Q

What AA is needed for collagen formation?

A

Ascorbate

30
Q

What are the vitamin c (ascorbate) dependent enzymes needed for collagen synthesis?

A
  • Prolyl-3 hydroxylase
  • PROLYL 4 HYDROXYLASE
  • Lysyl hydroxylase
31
Q

What do studies say about protein and enhacing muscle mass?

A

studies show that increased protein combined with regular heavy resistance exercise can enhance muscle development relative to training alone.

32
Q

If you want to gain muscle mass you should have a protein intake of what?

A

1.8g/kg

33
Q

Is there any effect on increasing muscle mass if you take in about 2.4 g.kg of protein? (triple RDA)

A

NO. platuea

34
Q

What are the two proteins in milk that are great for building muscle?

A

Whey and Caesin

35
Q

You should take caution what what kind of protein supplements?

A

Individual amino acid supps.

HUN 4221 EXAM 3 (9 decks)

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