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HUN 4221 EXAM 3 > CHO > Flashcards

CHO Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Aldoses (Glucose, galactose)
-polyhydroxyl aldehydes
Keotse (Fructose)
-Polyhydroxyl ketone

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2
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (galactose and glucose)
Maltose (glucose and galactose)

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3
Q

What are examples of complex carbs?

A

Polysaccharides >10 monosacchs

  • Starches
  • Glycogen
  • Fibers
  • -Pectin, cellulose, gums

Oligosaccharides 3-10 monosacchs

  • Dried beans, peas, lentils
  • -rafflinose and stachyose
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4
Q

What are the two forms of Starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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5
Q

What is Amylose?

A

A straight chain form of starch Amylase produces 1-4 linked disacchs (maltose)

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6
Q

What is Amylopectin?

A

A branched chain form of starch that forms 1-4 and 1-6 linkages (less digectible)
Amylase produces maltose, maltriose, dextrins

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7
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage form of glucose in animals and humans
Highly branched chain
Little to none in diet
(broken down upon slaughter)

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8
Q

Fiber has a nondigestable what?

A

Linkage between monosaccaharides

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9
Q

What are examples of insoluble fibers and what food sources are they found in?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins

Brown rice, wheat bran, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, seeds

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10
Q

What is the role of insoluble fibers in cells?

A

structural fibers in plant cell walls

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11
Q

What are examples of soluble fibers?

A

Pectins, gums, mucilages, B-glucans, inulin

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12
Q

What is another name for soluble fibers?

A

Viscous

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13
Q

What is the role of soluble fibers in cells?

A

cellular fibers

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14
Q

Where do you find soluble fibers?

A

Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, seeds and husks

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15
Q

What are the functions of fibers?

A 
Slows stomach emptying 
"Binding" action (viscous fibers) e.g. cholesterol
Exercise for gut muscles 
Softer stool
More rapid waste transit 
Releases small amount of energy
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16
Q

What is the primary metabolic fuel in humans?

A

CHO- provide 40-60% of the energy

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17
Q

CHOs are primarily consumed as?

A

Glucose

-polymers or simple sugars

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18
Q

What enzymes digest starches?

A

Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Oligosaccharidases-disaccharidases

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19
Q

What are glycosidases?

A

Cleave 1 glucose from non-reducing end

-Produce free glucose for transport into Intestinal epithelial cells

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20
Q

What enzymes are found in the mouth and what forms of CHO do they digest?

A

Salivary amylases

Starch, maltose, sucrose, lactose

21
Q

What enzymes are found in the stomach and what forms of CHO do they break down?

A

Amylase form saliva

Dextrin Maltose

22
Q

What enzymes are found in the small intestine and what forms of CHO do they break down?

A 
Pancreatic Amylase (Maltose) 
Brush border enzymes (glucose, fructose, galactose)
23
Q

What enzymes are found in the large intestine and what forms of CHO do they break down?

A

None

Bacterial microflora ferment cellulose

24
Q

How does Glucose and galactose get absorbed into the intestine?

A

Via SLGT1 along with sODIUM

25
Q

How does Fructose get absorbed into the intestine?

A

Via facilitate diffussion with the GLUT5 transporter

26
Q

Do vitamins provide energy?

A

NO, glucose does

27
Q

What enzyme is needed in the first step of the break down of glycogen in the krebs cycle and what vitamin is associated with it?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase; B6

28
Q

What is PLP?

A

Active form of B6 Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate

29
Q

Plamsa PLP is taken up mainly by?

A

muscle

30
Q

PLP is mostly bound to what?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

31
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

“Glucose splitting” anaerobic

1 glucose splits into 2 pyruvate molecules

32
Q

Niacin is important for what enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis)?

A

Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase

33
Q

Thiamin and Niacin are important for what enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis)?

A

Transketolase ( Foun in pentose phosphate pathway.

34
Q

Erythrocyte Transketolase activity is used in assessing the status of what vitamin?

A

Thiamine

35
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex is used in carbohydrate metabolism accompanied by what vitamin?

A

Thiamine

36
Q

Pyruvate Carboxylase is dependent upon which enzyme?

A

Biotin

37
Q

What is the CHO AMDR and RDA for adults ?

A 
AMDR = 45-65% 
RDA = 130G/D
38
Q

What is the Added sugar AMDR and WHO values?

A

WHO =

39
Q

What is the AI for Dietary fiber?

A 
Males = 38g/d
Females = 25 g/d
40
Q

What are the different types of substrates that can be used in gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucogenic amino acids
Glycerol (triglycerides)
Propionate (short chain fatty acids )

41
Q

What are the primary regulators of blood Glucose?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
epinephrine (adrenaline)

42
Q

What is GLUT 4?

A

a glucose transporter

43
Q

What stimulates GLUT4 to take up glucose into the adipocytes and myocytes?

A

Insulin

44
Q

Sulfonylureas do what?

A

Inhibit K channels

Induce insulin secretion

45
Q

What happens in the mechanism of insulin secretion?

A 
K+ channel is inhibitrd 
-membrane depolarization
-stimulatred by glucose 
Opens voltage-gated calcium channels 
Calcium induces insulin release via exocytosis
46
Q

What is TYPE1 DIabetes?

A

Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells

47
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Peripheral tissue insulin resistance

48
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Happens only during pregnancy

49
Q

what are secondary regulators of blood glucose?

A 
thyroid hormone
glucocorticoids 
growth hormone
leptin
adiponectin

HUN 4221 EXAM 3 (9 decks)

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