LIPIDS Flashcards
What do lipases do?
They cleave off the triglycerides off of fatty acids
What is the required enzyme in the mouth for TG digestion?
Lingual lipase, produced in the salivary glands
What is the required enzyme in the stomach for TG digestion?
Gastric lipase produced in the stomach
What is the required secretion and enzyme in the small intestine for TG digestions?
Bile; no lipase.
pancreatic lipase produced in pancreas
What are two essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (18:2) alpha linolenic acid (18:3)
What omega is linoleic?
omega 6
What omega is linolenic?
omega 3
Where does canola oil come from?
RAPE seed in canada
What does canola stand for?
Canada oil low acid
Why are fatty acids essential?
precursors to eicosanoids
precursors for longer more highly unsaturated fatty acids that are components of cell membranes
Who was George Burr?
made fat free diets for studies on rats and started adding back these fat soluble vitamins one by one and still found that these rats still had growth problems. he believed that he found a new vitamin and termed it vitamin f but it was really a fatty acid specifically linoleic acid. never got a nobel prize for it.
What are eicosonoids?
Fatty acids of composed of 20 carbons.
Hormone like substances
Produced from omega-6 and omega 3 fatty acid tail
The term eicosonoids refers to three families of substances which are:
- prostaglandins
- thromboxanes
- leuokotrienes
Where are eicosonoids synthesized from?
Synthesized from arachidonic acid which is synthsiezed from linoleic acid
What are the steps in order to produce arachidonic acid?
Linoleic acid undergoes desaturation and then that produces gamma linolenic acid which undergoes elongation and desaturation
What are properties of omega-6 derived eicosanoids?
pro-inflammatory pro-aggretory
Omega 3 FA have what properties?
Anti-inflammatory and anti aggretory
Eicosanoids mediate a wide range of physiological functions such as ?
Trigger cytokine release
Modulation of inflammation
25% of fatty acyl chains in mammalian cell membranes are what?
Polyunsaturated omega 3 or omega 6
In order to make DHA in our bodies we need what and what do we make along the way?
We need alpha linolenic acid and we make EPA along the way.
DHA accounts for approximately how much of the polyunsaturated acids of cell membranes in the CNS?
50%
Highest concentrations of DHA are found where?
found in phosphoreceptor outer segments and synapses
When DHA bioavailability is decreased what is impaired and why?
Receptor function is impaired because DHA-phospholipids support transmembrane receptor function in the CNS
What are the physiologic roles of essential fatty acid function?
Neural development
fetal development
high concentrations in brain synapses and retina
What are the physiologic roles of essential fatty acid function?
Neural development
fetal development
high concentrations in brain synapses and retina
A high ratio of omega6/omega3 is associated with?
cardiovascular disease
Potential benefits of DHA/EPA
Inflamatory and autoimmune diseases cardiovascular disease metabolic syndromes pregnancy cancer
Potential benefits of omega 3 FA in regards to cardiovascular disease
Anti inflammatory anti arrythmic anti thrombotic reduce restenoisis (where your vessels reconstrict after cleaning) reduces plaque formation reduces blood triacylglycerol
The anti-arrythmic benefit of omega 3 FA is associated with what?
Alters ion currents within myocardiu,
reduces risk of fatal rhythm irregularities
How does omega 3 FA imporve endothelial function?
By enhancing nitric oxide production
reduce vasocontriction
Potential benefits of omega 3 in regards to metabolic syndrome?
Increase glucose uptake
imporve lipid profile
favors fatty acid oxidation
aids in weight loss
Potential benefits of omega 3 FA in regards to pregnency?
Essential for healthy fetal development slightly longer pregnancy -lower risk of pre term birth -lower risk of preeclampsia -reduced risk for offspring in later life --cardiovascular disease and diabetes
What types of cancers are being studied with omega 3?
prostate colon and breast cancer
What are the WHO recommendations for alpha linolenic acid and EPA/DHA
0.8-1.1 g
0.3-.5
we are eating below that
