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HUN 4221 EXAM 3 > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What do electrolytes do in regards to fluid?

A

Maintain fluid balance by causing an osmotic drag across biological membranes

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2
Q

In excessive dehydration what happens to cells? In hypotonic hydrations, what happens to cells?

A

Cells shrink ; cells expand

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3
Q

How do you figure out the mEq/l?

A

1 mEq/l is equal to 1mmol of the unit of electrical charge

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4
Q

Which electrolytes are found in high concentrations out side of cells?

A

Sodium and Chloride

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5
Q

Which electrolytes are found in high concentrations inside of the cell?

A

Potassium/phosphate

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6
Q

Where is Sodium found in the body?

A

30% on surface of bone crystals

70% in ECF, nerve and muscle tissue.

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7
Q

What is the most abundant cation in hte body?

A

Sodium

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8
Q

Where does most of our dietary sodium come from?

A

Processed foods

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9
Q

What are the main functions of Sodium?

A

Fluid Balance
Muscle contraction
Conduction of nerve impulses

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10
Q

What are the sodium-coupled cotransporters and where are they located?

A

Facilitate Glucose and amino acid movement with the gradient.
Located in the small intestine

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11
Q

Where is the electroneutral (no charge) Na/Cl transport system located and what is it?

A

It is located in the small intestine (proximal to colon) and it exchanges Na/H and Cl/HCO3

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12
Q

What is the electrogenic (has a charge) sodium absorption and where is it located?

A

Located in the colon and it is Na Channels

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13
Q

Mutations in SGLT1 causes what?

A

Glucose and galactose

  • Watery osmotic diarrhea in newborns
  • life threatening dehydration acidosis weight loss
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14
Q

What is nutritional management for newborns with a mutation in SLG1 protein?

A

Avoid sucrose and lactose

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15
Q

What is SLGT1?

A

A sodium coupled-transporter

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16
Q

What are the transporters in Electroneutral Na/Cl transport system?

A

Na/H exchanger and a Cl/HCO3 exchanger

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17
Q

What are the three ways Sodium can be absorbed into the intestine?

A

Sodium co-transporters
Electroneutral Na/Cl transport system
Electrogenic Sodium Absorption

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18
Q

How is sodium transported in the blood?

A

Freely

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19
Q

How are serum sodium concentrations maintained?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Aldosterone
Angiotensin II
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20
Q

How does ADH work?

A

Stimulus: Water component of the blood has gone down.

  1. Pituitary glan will release ADH and cause thirst at the same time
  2. Water consumption and water reabsorption occurs.
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21
Q

What happens during nerve transmission and muscle contraction?

A

Sodium/potassium exhange

-generates an electrochemic potential gradient where it mediates nerve and impulse conduction

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22
Q

How are nerve impulses transmitted?

A
  1. Neurotransmission: a neurotransmitter is released.
  2. Sodium channels open (membrane is depolarized)
  3. Calcium is released (contraction)
  4. Na channels close and K channels open (contraction ends, membrane re-polarizes)
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23
Q

High Sodium intake may cause an increase in what mineral excretion?

A

Calcium which could lead to osteoporosis

24
Q

Where is sodium primarily excreted?

A

In urine and sweat

25
Q

Renal excretion of Sodium is controlled by what?

A

Aldosterone

26
Q

When is aldosterone released?

A

Released from adrenal gland in response to low Na or high K

27
Q

What does aldosterone promote?

A

Promotes retention of Na and excretion of K

28
Q

Sodium Deficiency

A

Rare
Could occur due to excessive sweating or weight loss
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle cramps, shock, coma

29
Q

What is used to measure blood sodium clinically?

A

Potentiometry

30
Q

Na intake levels are reflected in a what?

A

24 hr urinary excretion test

31
Q

What is major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

32
Q

What are the main food sources of potassium?

A

Fruits and vegetables

33
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

Influences contractility of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Effects excitability of nerve tissue
Maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance

34
Q

What are the nutrient interaction of Potassium?

A

Decreases renal calcium excretion

35
Q

What has homeostatis control of potassium levels?

A

Kidney

36
Q

How does aldosterone effect potassium excretion?

A

It increases it

37
Q

What does hyperkalemia causes and what causes it?

A

Cardiac arrythmias

Renal dysfunction is a possible cause

38
Q

What causes hypokalemia?

A

Profound fluid loss, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, refeeding syndrome

39
Q

What is the most abundant anion in ECF?

A

Chloride

40
Q

Dietary sources of chloride?

A

Associated with dietary forms of Na and in eggs, fresh meats, seafood

41
Q

Where is chloride absorbed?

A

All of it is absorbed in the small intestine

42
Q

How can Chloride be absorbed?

A

Paracellularly (not sodium. unique to chloride)
Electroneutral Na/Cl system
Electrogenic Na system contributes to Cl absorption

43
Q

How is chloride secreted?

A

Through GI tract

44
Q

How is chloride absorbed from the blood?

A

via Na/K/Cl cotransport pathway

45
Q

How does Cl exit cells?

A

Via apical Cl channels

46
Q

Cl secretion is defective in what disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

47
Q

The gene that is mutated in Cystic Fibrosis is

A

CFTR

DELTA F 508

48
Q

What are the functions of Chloride?

A

Gastric acid production
-Cl secreted from parietal cells of stomach
Respose of neutrophils to invading microbes
-Cl released from white blood cells during phagocytosis
Acts as an exchange anion ffro HCO3 in blood cells (Chloride shift)

49
Q

Neutrophils produce what and what are the involved in?

A

Produce hypochlorous acid and are involved in immunity.

50
Q

What is the Chloride shift?

A

Cl acts as an exchange anion for HCO3 in blood cells

shifts from the blood into the cell and then from the cell back into the blood

51
Q

What does the Chloride Shift do?

A

Transport tissue-derived CO2 back to the lungs in the form of HCO3
Waste CO2 enters RBCs and is converted to HCO3 by carbonic anyhydrase
Chloride bicarbonate exchange then transports HCO3 out of the cell as it simultaneously transports Cl into the cell
In the absence of chloride, HCO3 transport ceases

52
Q

How is chlorine mainly excreted?

A

Mainly via the kidneys

Some via the GI tract and skin

53
Q

How is Chlorine excretion regulated?

A

Regulated indirectly through sodium regulation

54
Q

What are things that increase blood pressure?

A

Sodium, sucrose, alcohol

55
Q

What are things that decrease blood pressure?

A

Potassium, calcium, magnesium

56
Q

CHO lecture part 1 slide 3

A

.

HUN 4221 EXAM 3 (9 decks)

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