Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour Flashcards
what are the three motives that prompt the need to affiliate with others
1) spending time with others allow us to engage in comparison which allows us to better evaluate ourselves
2) being with others alleviates fear or anxiety
3) a desire to give and get approval, support, friendship and love to people close to us
what is interpersonal attraction
social attraction to another person - we are socially attracted to people we want to affiliate ourselves with
What are the 4 factors that influence attraction?
1) Familiarity and proximity - we are attracted to people whom we are familiar with
2) Similarity - similar people are attracted to each other
3) Physical attraction - we want to be friends and partners with people we find physically attractive
4) Reciprocity - we want to be friends and partners with people who reciprocate our feelings
Explain Self-Disclosure
The process of revealing private thoughts, feelings and ones personal history to others
Explain Social Exchange
any exchange between two people of attention, information, affection, favours, etc
Name the three basic components of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love
1) Intimacy - refers to feelings of connectedness and affection
2) Passion - deep emotional or sexual feelings
3) Commitment - the determination to stay in a long-term relationship with someone
Explain Romantic Love
passion + intimacy
Explain companionate love
intimacy + commitment
Explain fatuous love
passion + commitment
Explain Consummate Love
Intimacy + passion + commitment
Explain the suture attachment style
They think people are trustworthy, they dont worry about being abandoned by others, they are comfortable getting emotionally close to others
Explain the avoidant attachment style
they pull pack when things don’t go well in a relationship, they are skeptical of true love, they have trouble trusting partners and they get nervous when people get emotionally close
Explain ambivalent attachment style
they feel under appreciated in romantic relationships, they worry that the other person doesn’t love them, they would like to be closer with their partner but is unsure if they are trustworthy
What is evolutionary psychology?
The study of the evolutionary origins of human behaviour patterns
Explain the mating priorities in men
- health
- youth
- beauty
Explain the main reproductive challenges being addressed by the mating priorities of men
- the main priorities which men hold are signs which women are able to reproduce
Explain the main mating priorities in women
- older
- financially stable
- high status
Explain the main reproductive challenges being addressed by the mating priorities of women
by knowing the man is financially stable and of high status, her anxiety can lessen as she knows the family will be supported after the child arrives
Define prosocial behaviour
any action that benefits another person, may include things like sharing, helping, comforting, etc
What are the three motives for prosocial behaviour
1) Evolutionary Forces - historically, humans have had a better chance of survival when they live in groups
2) People Who Are Self-Oriented - they use helping people to better help themselves (extra volunteering to better University application)
3) People Who Are Other-Oriented - behaviours which people do with the intention of helping individuals in need
Explain the relationship between prosocial behaviour, altruism and egoism
self-oriented behaviour stems from egoism where as other-oriented stems from altruism (a specific type of prosocial behaviour motivated by improving the circumstances of others)
What are the two factors which people in need hold which can determine weather they receive adequate help or noe
1) Similarity = people are more likely to help people in need who are similar to them
2) when a person needs help for a situation they are unable to control = people are more likely to help individuals when they are in need due to something out of their control
What are the 4 characteristics of the helper that may impact the likelihood that help is provided
1) Gender = different genders like to help individuals in different ways (women help in emotional pain) (Men help in a physical labor way)
2) Beliefs about Competence = people are more likely to help others when they believe they are able to help
3) Personality Characteristics = The personality agreeableness is linked to helping people
4) Empathy = many people with high amounts of empathy are more likely to help someone
Define Empathy
State in which people, when faced with someone who is suffering, experience a feeling that parallels that of the person in distress
Explain the Three Components of Empathy
1) Cognitive Component = allows you to take the perspective of the individual needing help
2) Emotional Component = the feelings you experience to the situation
3) Psychological Component = is linked to physical auroral
What is the bystander effect
the unwillingness of bystander’s to offer help during emergencies or to become involved in other peoples problems
Why is the bystander effect more likely to occur when more people are around
people assume and believe that someone else which is around is going to help the individual or call 911
Explain the three decision points for bystanders
1) Noticing = someone may or may mot notice a situation happening
2) Defining an Emergency = people may or may not define the situation as an emergency
3) Taking Responsibility = when a person takes responsibility during an event, they are more likely to help
what is antisocial behaviour
Behaviour that violates social norms and the rights of others
What is aggression?
refers to antisocial acts that directly harm another person
Explain Direct and Indirect aggression
Direct - verbal and physical attacks
Indirect - refers to aggressive acts which aim to destroy individuals reputations, social standing, friendships and self-esteem
Explain the three causes of aggression
1) Biology = some argue that human aggression is instinct and biologically passed down from our ancestors during evolution
2) Frustration = frustration encourages aggression but not every person who is frustrated is going to commit an aggressive act
3) Social Learning = we learn to be aggressive through observing others being aggressive
what are the two ways of reducing aggression at the societal level?
1) reduce our society’s exposure to violence
2) increasing exposure to prosocial behaviour
what are three ways to reduce aggression at the individual level
1) self-regulating strategies
2) using problem-focused coping strategies
3) change the attributions made for frustrating events
Define prejudice
positive or negative attitudes towards an entire group of individuals
what are the three components of prejudice
1) social stereotypes
2) discrimination
3) microaggressions
what is group member/group-based prejudice?
prejudice towards a group based of off a characteristic (race, sex, age, etc)
What is explicit and implicit prejudice
Explicit - prejudice which is clearly expressed and out in the open
Implicit - unconscious prejudice (thoughts and feelings about another group)
Explain the Implicit Association Task (IAT)
a test which determines weather and individual has an implicit prejudice. many people do not know they have an implicit prejudice until they take a IAT test
What are the 4 factors associated with higher levels of prejudice
1) frustration
2) social learning
3) authoritarian beliefs
4) dehumanization
what are the 4 consequences of prejudice?
1) prevents people from being able to do things they should be able to do
2) racial profiling
3) health consequences
4) stereotype threat
What are the three methods which attempt to reduce prejudice?
1) Equal-status contact - interacting on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status
2) superordinate goals - situations which require people of diverse groups to work together to achieve a common goal
3) direct instruction - companies providing training on implicit prejudice
what are the 6 ways you can help develop a sense of openness with others?
1) seek individuating information = information which allows us to see people as individuals rather then members of a group
2) Don’t fall prey to just-worlds beliefs
3) be aware of self-fulfilling prophecies
4) look for commonalities
5) set an example for others
6) remember, different doesn’t mean inferior
