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Psychology > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of motivation

A

the way in which our actions are aroused, maintained and guided

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2
Q

what are the 4 concepts of motivation

A

1) need

2) needs caused a drive to develop

3) drives activate a response

4) a responce pushes us toward a goal

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3
Q

What is an incentive in the context of motivation

A

a reward or other stimulus which motivates behaviour

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4
Q

what is self-determination theory

A

we are all motivated by three innate motives

  • competence
  • autonomy
  • relatedness
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5
Q

in self-determination theory, all motives can be classified as being intrinsic or extrinsic - explain those two words

A

1) intrinsic - occurs when we act based on internal rewards without any obvious external factors

2) Extrinsic - stems from factors outside the person (pay, grades, etc)

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6
Q

what limitation of self-determination theory does Maslow’s classification system address

A

some needs are more basic and powerful then others

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7
Q

what is the difference between basic needs and growth needs in Maslow’s categories

A
  • Basic needs - related to our physical survival
  • Growth needs - a need for self-actualization
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8
Q

what are the 4 basic needs in Maslow’s hierarchy

A

1 - self-esteem
2 - love and belonging
3 - safety and security
4 - psychological needs (food, water, sleep)

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9
Q

what is the growth need in Maslow’s Hierarchy

A
  • self-actualization (perfection, beauty, richness, manfulness)
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10
Q

what do resent researchers question about Maslow’s Hierarchy?

A

Recent researchers question his definition of self-actualization

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11
Q

What are the three types of motives?

A

Biological - Stimulus - Learned

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12
Q

explain the biological motive

A
  • innate needs which must be meet for our survival
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13
Q

explain the stimulus motive

A

our needs for stimulation and information (activity, physical contact, etc)

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14
Q

Explain the learned motive

A

based on learned needs, drives, and goals (power, achievement, approval)

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15
Q

define the term sex drive

A

the strength of ones motivations to engage in sexual behaviour

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16
Q

how do hormones influence the sex drive and mating among male and female non-human animals

A

Females - only interested in mating when their fertility cycles are in the stage of estrus which causes a release of estrogen

males - also impacted by hormones but not as heavily, in most species, males are ready to mate whenever, it is dependant on the females hormones

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17
Q

how do hormones influence the sex drive among male and female humans

A

Male - sex drive is impacted by the amount of androgens (male hormones such as testosterone) higher amount during puberty

Female - sex drive is related to estrogen, in addition, females produce small amounts of androgens which decrease with age (can be fixed by taking testosterone supplements)

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18
Q

what does it mean when someone says the sex drive is nonhomeostactic

A

independent of body need state - in humans the need for sex can be aroused at almost anytime by almost anything

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19
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

a 24 hour biological cycle which is found in humans and other animals

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20
Q

what are some examples of things which can impact our circadian rhythm

A
  • take a long flight
  • have a late shift at work
  • to help fix circadian rhythms take a small melatonin supplement
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21
Q

explain two ways in which pain is different from many other needs and drives

A
  • Episodic drive - distinct episodes where the body is damaged in some way
  • pain prompts us to avoid or eliminate sources of discomfort
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22
Q

what are the two types of thirst

A

1) extracellular thirst - water is lost from the fluids surrounding the cells of you body - a slightly salty liquid such as Gatorade may satisfy this type of thirst

2) Intracellular thirst - when you eat salty meal, the salt causes fluid to be drawn out of your body’s cells - best to drink plain water

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23
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence eating

A

the hypothalamus receives neural messages from the tongue and digestive systems

24
Q

what are the three parts of the hypothalamus

A

1) lateral Hypothalamus

2) Ventromedial

3) Paraventricular

25
Q

Explain the Lateral Hypothalamus part of the hypothalamus

A
  • is like a button when they button is pushed, you feel hungry and want to eat
  • if this part is damaged and can’t work, a human or animals may never eat again
26
Q

explain the Ventromedial part of the hypothalamus

A
  • is considered the stop button, tells your body when to stop eating
  • when damages someone may experience over eating
27
Q

explain the Paraventricular part od the hypothalamus

A
  • this area helps keep blood sugar levels steady by both starting and stopping hunger
28
Q

how does the brain control weight over the long term

A
  • your brain maintains a set point in order to control your weight over a long time
29
Q

what are the 3 external factors which impact eating

A

1) external eating cues - we are sensitive to the “pull of external eating cues” - this is why collage students gain weight (they can eat whatever they want, how much they want and whatever time they want In the dining Hal

2) Cultural foods - we are highly controlled by our culture and what we grew up eating

3) taste and plenty - sometimes we stop likely food when we get too full

30
Q

explain Fad diets

A

they are also known as starving and people gain the weight back once they stop this diet, if not gain more weight due to these diets slowing down your metabolism rate

31
Q

what is behavioural dieting

A
  • track your eating intake
  • think carefully about your personal eating cues
  • and develop techniques to control eating
32
Q

identify and explain the two main eating disorders

A

1) anorexia - refusal to maintain body weight - fear of becoming fat - purging behaviour (vomiting or misuse of laxatives)

2) Bulimia - binge eating - lack of control over eating - purging behaviour

33
Q

describe what stimulus motives are and why they are useful

A
  • people enjoy a steady diet of external stimuli - movies - music - etc - they reflect the need for information and sensory imput
34
Q

Describe what is known about the arousal motives of sensation seekers.

A
  • People learn to seek particular levels of arousal
35
Q

explain the 4 ways to reduce test anxiety

A

1) preparation - improve studying methods and how long you prepare for a test

2) relaxation - learn to relax in another way to maintain test anxiety

3) rehearsal - rehears how you will cope with stressful and upsetting situations

4) restructuring thoughts - list all of the negative thoughts you have and come up with a solution to all of them

36
Q

how do we acquire social motives?

A
  • we acquire social motives through learning, socialization and cultural conditioning
37
Q

what are the two types of learned motives

A

1) need for achievement - is a drive to excel in ones endeavours

2) need for power - the desire to have impact or control over others

38
Q

explain opponent process theory

A
  • states that strong emotions such as fear tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state
  • the strength of both emotional states changes over time
39
Q

what are the 4 aspects of emotion

A

1) experience
2) physiology
3) expression
4) cognition

40
Q

what is meant by the term emotional experience

A
  • a persons private emotional experience has an impact on their emotions
41
Q

how does emotional experience differ form mood

A
  • emotions tend to be shorter in duration then moods (moods can last for many hours whereas emotions are only a few seconds or mins
  • emotions tend to have a target or objects whereas moods tends to be more general and not directed at anyone
42
Q

what are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

1) sympathetic branch - activates the body during emergencies - fight or flight

2) parasympathetic branch - arouses some parts of the body system, sending sugar to the blood stream for energy

43
Q

explain polygraphs or lie dictators

A
  • tracks and records changes in hear rates, blood pressure and breathing
44
Q

what is the guilty knowledge test

A
  • is a multiple choice test with one correct answer
  • ask questions about the crime scene, the guilty suspect will have an elevated response to the correct answer
45
Q

what is the accuracy of polygraphs

A

95% accuracy but is still wrong sometimes

46
Q

emotional expression has prompted adaptive behaviour, how have those behaviours promoted survival

A
  • attacking, fleeing, helping others, gaining comfort
47
Q

what is emotional contagion

A

refers to unconsciously imitating the postures, mannerism and facial expressions of other people while we interact with them

48
Q

what is emotional regulation

A

the active management of emotion-related expression

49
Q

what are the 5 emotional regulation strategies

A

1) situational selection
2) situation modification
3) redirecting attention
4) cognitive reappraisal
5) response modulation (suppression)

50
Q

in what way do we see differences in emotion expression across cultures

A

in western culture, it is highly acceptable to feel and express anger

  • in Asia it is uncommon to experience anger
51
Q

in what ways do we see differences in emotion expression across genders

A
  • women are seen as more emotional
  • men have hard time expressing their emotions (alexithymia - “can’t name emotions”)
52
Q

what are the two types of cognition which play an important role in guiding our emotional responses

A

1) emotional appraisal - evaluating the personal meaning to a stimulus or situation

2) attributions - the act of assigning cause to a behaviour

53
Q

explain two-face theory

A

emotions come about when we experience general physiological arousal and then use cognitive processes to label its cause

54
Q

define positive psychology

A

the study of human strengths, virtues and positive emotions

55
Q

define subjective well-being

A

occurs when people are generally satisfied with their lives and have positive emotions

Psychology (7 decks)

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