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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

define personality

A

is a person unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotions and behaviour

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2
Q

define temperament

A

the general pattern of attention, arousal and midd that is evident from birth, including biological predispositions to be sensitive, irritable and distractible

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3
Q

how is self-concept distinct from personality

A

self-concept is more of a subject appraisal and consists of all your ideas, perceptions and feelings about who you are

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4
Q

how is self-esteem related to self-concept

A

self-concepts are related to low self-esteem levels

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5
Q

how does self-esteem differ across eastern and western cultures

A

self-esteem differs across cultures due to the way in which individuals think differently and cultural norms

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6
Q

what is psychoanalytic theory

A

freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

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7
Q

what are the three mental structures outlined by Freud

A
  • The Id - contains primitive drives which are present at birth
  • The Ego - the decisions making part of personality which operates on the reality principle
  • The Superego - the part of personality which represents moral conscience
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8
Q

what are Freuds views about personality dynamics

A
  • he theorized that there is a delicate balance between the three mental structures
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9
Q

in Freuds model - what is meant by the term unconscious

A
  • contents of the brain which are beyond awareness, impulses and desires
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10
Q

in Freuds model - what is meant by a preconscious

A
  • an area of the mind which holds information which can be voluntary brought to awareness
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11
Q

in Freuds model - what is meant by conscious

A
  • the part of the mind which includes all mental contents that a person is aware of at any given point
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12
Q

identify and explain Freuds psychosexual stages (how freud classifies stages of development)

A

1) Oral - Birth to 1 year Oral - oral dependant - oral aggression

2) Anal - 1-3 years - Anal retentive (orderly, clean) - Anal expulsive (messy)

3) Phallic - 3 to 6 years - Genital - attraction to opposite sex parent which leads to underdeveloped superego, pride and narcissism

4) latency - 6 - 12 - None - lack of sexual fulfilment

5) Genital - 12 to Adulthood

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13
Q

what is a Erogenous Zone

A

a body area which produces pleasurable sensations

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14
Q

what are fixations according to Freuds theory

A
  • a lasting conflict developed as a result of frustration or overindulgence
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15
Q

explain Alfred Adler’s theory (he is a Neo-freudian)

A

the main driving force in personality is s striving for superiority that stems from feelings of inferiority

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16
Q

explain Karen Horney’s ideas (she is a Neo-Freudian)

A

basic anxiety occurs when people feel isolated and helps in a hostile world

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17
Q

explain Carl Jung’s ideas (he is a Neo-Freudian)

A
  • persona - the “mask” or public self presented to others
  • personal unconscious - a mental storehouse for an individuals unconscious thoughts
  • collective unconscious - a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans
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18
Q

outline two reasons why psychoanalytic theory continues to be influential today

A

1) it pioneered that general idea of unconscious processes

2) the general idea events during the first years of life help shape adult personality is still widely accepted

19
Q

what are the three current criticisms of Freuds theory

A

1) the latency stage has been discredited

2) his thoughts on women have been discredited

3) his. concepts are almost impossible to verify scientifically

20
Q

define behavioural personality theories

A

any model of personality which emphasizes learning and observable behaviour

21
Q

define habits

A

a deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behaviour

22
Q

explain how learning theorists consider the role of situational determinants

A

people may act differently depending on the situation - a person may be very honest but that doesn’t mean they will be honest in every situation

23
Q

define social learning theory

A

a theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization and modeling to explain behaviour, including personality

24
Q

how do learning theorists view personality development

A

they believe that childhood is a time of urgent drives, powerful rewards and punishments and crushing frustration - these forces combined, shape the core of personality

25
Q

what is humanism and how is it connected to free will

A
  • an approach which focuses on human experience, problems, potentials and ideals
  • they are encouraging people to use their free will and reach their potentials
26
Q

Explain how Maslow is connected to humanistic traditions

A

self-actualization - the process of fully developing personal potentials

27
Q

explain how Rogers self theory is related to humanistic traditions

A

Self theory
- fully functioning person - a person living in harmony with their deepest feelings, impulse and intuitions

  • self = an evolving conception of ones personal identity
  • self image = total subjective perceptions of ones body and personality
  • ideal self = an idealized image of oneself (the person you would like to be
28
Q

define personality trait

A

stable quality that a person shows in most situations

29
Q

why is the study of personality traits important

A

1) we are better able to develop a sense of individual differences

2) we are better able to understand how people will react in specific circumstances

30
Q

what are stable traits

A

traits which are seen in many different types of situations (a person always staying optimistic)

31
Q

what are dependent on situations traits

A

external circumstances influence the expression of a personality trait

32
Q

distinguish between the central and secondary traits described by Allport

A

Central - the core traits that characterized as individual personality

secondary - traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial

33
Q

what did cattle mean by the term source traits

A

basic underlying traits of personality, each course traits is reflected in a number of surface traits

34
Q

name the factors which make up the Big Five

A

1) extroversion
2) agreeable
3) conscientiousness
4) neuroticism
5) openness to experience

35
Q

name all of the factors which make up the HEXACO

A

1) extroversion
2) agreeable
3) conscientiousness
4) neuroticism
5) openness to experience
6) honest/humility

36
Q

what factor from the HEXACO is not In the Big Five

A

Honest/Humility

37
Q

how can a small amount of factors be use to describe the wide diversity we see in peoples personalities

A

with only 5 factors, you are able yo describe code to 118,00 kinds of people due to having a scale

38
Q

distinguish between an unstructured and a structured interview

A
  • unstructured - an interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise
  • structured - an interview which follows a prearranged plan, usually planned questions
39
Q

what is a strength and weakness of interviews

A

strengths - give rapid insight into personality

weakness - the people who are bing observes may not act as if they would normally which can give false results

40
Q

explain a rating scale

A

a list of personality traits or aspects of behaviours on which a person is rated

41
Q

explain what a behavioural assessment is

A

recording the frequency of various behaviours

42
Q

what happens during situational testing

A

stimulating real life conditions so that a persons reactions may be directly observed

43
Q

what is personality inventory

A

a paper and test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality

44
Q

describe the central idea behind the social roles hypothesis

A

personality will change in a way which allows us to be successful

Psychology (7 decks)

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