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Personality Flashcards

1
Q

define personality

A

is a person unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotions and behaviour

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2
Q

define temperament

A

the general pattern of attention, arousal and midd that is evident from birth, including biological predispositions to be sensitive, irritable and distractible

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3
Q

how is self-concept distinct from personality

A

self-concept is more of a subject appraisal and consists of all your ideas, perceptions and feelings about who you are

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4
Q

how is self-esteem related to self-concept

A

self-concepts are related to low self-esteem levels

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5
Q

how does self-esteem differ across eastern and western cultures

A

self-esteem differs across cultures due to the way in which individuals think differently and cultural norms

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6
Q

what is psychoanalytic theory

A

freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

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7
Q

what are the three mental structures outlined by Freud

A
  • The Id - contains primitive drives which are present at birth
  • The Ego - the decisions making part of personality which operates on the reality principle
  • The Superego - the part of personality which represents moral conscience
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8
Q

what are Freuds views about personality dynamics

A
  • he theorized that there is a delicate balance between the three mental structures
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9
Q

in Freuds model - what is meant by the term unconscious

A
  • contents of the brain which are beyond awareness, impulses and desires
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10
Q

in Freuds model - what is meant by a preconscious

A
  • an area of the mind which holds information which can be voluntary brought to awareness
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11
Q

in Freuds model - what is meant by conscious

A
  • the part of the mind which includes all mental contents that a person is aware of at any given point
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12
Q

identify and explain Freuds psychosexual stages (how freud classifies stages of development)

A

1) Oral - Birth to 1 year Oral - oral dependant - oral aggression

2) Anal - 1-3 years - Anal retentive (orderly, clean) - Anal expulsive (messy)

3) Phallic - 3 to 6 years - Genital - attraction to opposite sex parent which leads to underdeveloped superego, pride and narcissism

4) latency - 6 - 12 - None - lack of sexual fulfilment

5) Genital - 12 to Adulthood

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13
Q

what is a Erogenous Zone

A

a body area which produces pleasurable sensations

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14
Q

what are fixations according to Freuds theory

A
  • a lasting conflict developed as a result of frustration or overindulgence
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15
Q

explain Alfred Adler’s theory (he is a Neo-freudian)

A

the main driving force in personality is s striving for superiority that stems from feelings of inferiority

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16
Q

explain Karen Horney’s ideas (she is a Neo-Freudian)

A

basic anxiety occurs when people feel isolated and helps in a hostile world

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17
Q

explain Carl Jung’s ideas (he is a Neo-Freudian)

A
  • persona - the “mask” or public self presented to others
  • personal unconscious - a mental storehouse for an individuals unconscious thoughts
  • collective unconscious - a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans
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18
Q

outline two reasons why psychoanalytic theory continues to be influential today

A

1) it pioneered that general idea of unconscious processes

2) the general idea events during the first years of life help shape adult personality is still widely accepted

19
Q

what are the three current criticisms of Freuds theory

A

1) the latency stage has been discredited

2) his thoughts on women have been discredited

3) his. concepts are almost impossible to verify scientifically

20
Q

define behavioural personality theories

A

any model of personality which emphasizes learning and observable behaviour

21
Q

define habits

A

a deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behaviour

22
Q

explain how learning theorists consider the role of situational determinants

A

people may act differently depending on the situation - a person may be very honest but that doesn’t mean they will be honest in every situation

23
Q

define social learning theory

A

a theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization and modeling to explain behaviour, including personality

24
Q

how do learning theorists view personality development

A

they believe that childhood is a time of urgent drives, powerful rewards and punishments and crushing frustration - these forces combined, shape the core of personality

25
what is humanism and how is it connected to free will
- an approach which focuses on human experience, problems, potentials and ideals - they are encouraging people to use their free will and reach their potentials
26
Explain how Maslow is connected to humanistic traditions
self-actualization - the process of fully developing personal potentials
27
explain how Rogers self theory is related to humanistic traditions
Self theory - fully functioning person - a person living in harmony with their deepest feelings, impulse and intuitions - self = an evolving conception of ones personal identity - self image = total subjective perceptions of ones body and personality - ideal self = an idealized image of oneself (the person you would like to be
28
define personality trait
stable quality that a person shows in most situations
29
why is the study of personality traits important
1) we are better able to develop a sense of individual differences 2) we are better able to understand how people will react in specific circumstances
30
what are stable traits
traits which are seen in many different types of situations (a person always staying optimistic)
31
what are dependent on situations traits
external circumstances influence the expression of a personality trait
32
distinguish between the central and secondary traits described by Allport
Central - the core traits that characterized as individual personality secondary - traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial
33
what did cattle mean by the term source traits
basic underlying traits of personality, each course traits is reflected in a number of surface traits
34
name the factors which make up the Big Five
1) extroversion 2) agreeable 3) conscientiousness 4) neuroticism 5) openness to experience
35
name all of the factors which make up the HEXACO
1) extroversion 2) agreeable 3) conscientiousness 4) neuroticism 5) openness to experience 6) honest/humility
36
what factor from the HEXACO is not In the Big Five
Honest/Humility
37
how can a small amount of factors be use to describe the wide diversity we see in peoples personalities
with only 5 factors, you are able yo describe code to 118,00 kinds of people due to having a scale
38
distinguish between an unstructured and a structured interview
- unstructured - an interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise - structured - an interview which follows a prearranged plan, usually planned questions
39
what is a strength and weakness of interviews
strengths - give rapid insight into personality weakness - the people who are bing observes may not act as if they would normally which can give false results
40
explain a rating scale
a list of personality traits or aspects of behaviours on which a person is rated
41
explain what a behavioural assessment is
recording the frequency of various behaviours
42
what happens during situational testing
stimulating real life conditions so that a persons reactions may be directly observed
43
what is personality inventory
a paper and test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality
44
describe the central idea behind the social roles hypothesis
personality will change in a way which allows us to be successful

Psychology (7 decks)

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