Prologue Flashcards
What is an empirical approach?
an evidence based method that relies on observation and experiment. Ex: an amount of sunlight plant receives and its growth.
What is a scientific attitude?
being skeptical but not cynical, open-minded but not gullible.
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
electric shock to the brain to treat depression.
Putting a scientific attitude into practice requires not only curiosity and skepticism but also?
humility.
What is humility?
an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and being open to new perspectives.
Explain a little about the 3 key elements of the scientific attitudes?
1) curiosity: does it work?
2) skepticism: what do you mean? how do you know?
3) humility: well that was unexpected, lets explore further.
The scientific attitude prepares us to think smarter, smart thinking is called?
Critical thinking.
What is critical thinking?
thinking that doesnt automatically accept conclusions; instead examines assumptions, looks for hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion.
Wilhelm Wundt:
1832-1920: he is the father of psychology and he established the first psychology laboratory.
- created experimental apparatus
- wanted to measure the “atoms of the mind”
- dropping ball and pressing button example
When and where was the first psychology laboratory established?
univeristy of leipzig in germany in 1879.
The new science of psychology after Wundt became organized into different branches/schools of thought called?
structuralism and functionalism
What is structuralism?
an early school of thought/branch promoted by wundt and titchener; used introspection to reveal structure of human mind
What is functionalism?
early school of thought/branch promoted by james and influenced by darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function.
Edward Bradford Titchener:
1867-1927: he was mentored by wundt and encouraged people in self reflective introspection. A key feature of structuralism is introspection: the process of observing one’s own thoughts and feelings.
What is the problem with introspection?
introspection requires smart verbal people. Results vary person to person and are subjective/can be inaccurate.
William James:
1842-1910: influenced by darwin
- he studied the evolved functions of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
- he assumed that thinking, like smelling, developed because it was adaptive(helped our ancestors survive and reproduce)
Mary Whiton Calkins:
1863-1930: William James admitted mary whiton calkins into his graduate seminar. when she joined all men dropped out. She was denied a phd because she was a woman.
- she became a memory researcher and first APA female president
Margaret Floy Washburn:
1871-1939: the first woman to get a phd in psychology and second apa female president. She studied with titchener and was barred from his experimental psych organization for being a woman
Up until 1920 what was the definition of psychology?
the science of mental life
Who challenged the 1920 definition of psychology?
John B watson and B.F skinner
John B watson and bf skinner dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as?
the scientific study of observable behavior: they believed in behaviorism
What is behaviorism?
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without referece to mental processes
John b watson and bf skinner:
John Watson: 1878-1958 BF Skinner: 1904-1990
- they dismissed introspection and said that you should only focus on behavior when thinking of psychology
- bf skinner would say that you have been rewarded in the past for things like going to class and you are completely controlled by rewards in the environment
Famous little albert experiment:
it was conducted in 1920 by watson ad rosalie rayner. (1898-1935)
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939: he was the founder of psychoanalysis
- emphasized how our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior
- If someone asks you why do you go to school and you say because you want a job, that would be your conscious mind, and then the person says are you sure, then you answer maybe cause of my friends, that’s the preconscious, but below all that is the unconscious: THINK PENIS EXAMPLE