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Psyc1100 > Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 common flaws in commonsense thinking?

A

hindsight bias, overconfidence, and perceiving order in random events

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1
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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2
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

thinking we know more than we do

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3
Q

What is the point of perceiving order in random events?

A

making sense of our world relieves stress and helps us get on with daily living

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4
Q

psychologists arm their scientific attitude with the ?

A

scientific method: a method of research with defined steps that involves observation and experiments

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

an explanation using an that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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6
Q

A good theory produces what?

A

testable predictions called hypotheses

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7
Q

What is operational definition?

A

carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

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8
Q

What is replication?

A

repeating the experiment or study with different participants for more confidence of statistical significance

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9
Q

What is preregistration?

A

more psychologists do this now; publicly communicating planned study design, hypothesis, data collection, and analysis.

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10
Q

What is metaanalysis?

A

statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion. By combining the results of many studies, come to a bottom line result

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11
Q

We can test our hypotheses and refine our theories using ?

A

descriptive method, correlational method, ad experimental method

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12
Q

What is a case study?

A

a descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in depth to reveal universal principles

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13
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

observing or recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without manipulating or controlling the situation

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14
Q

naturalistic behavior describes or explains behavior?

A

it describes it

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15
Q

What is a survey?

A

obtaining the self reported attitude or behavior of a particular group

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16
Q

How do you avoid bias in these types of cases?

A

having a representative sample

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17
Q

What is a random sample?

A

when every individual/object in the population has an equal chance of being picked

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18
Q

population?

A

all those in a group being studied from which random samples may be taken

19
Q

What is correlation?

A

a measure of how well a factor predicts another.

20
Q

correlation coefficient?

A

correlation coefficient measures the relationship between two things from -1 to +1

21
Q

variable?

A

something that can be measured

22
Q

scatterplot?

A

a graph which represents the values of two variables. the slope suggests the direction of the relationship between 2 variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

23
Q

illusory correlation?

A

perceiving a relationship where none exists or thinking a relationship is stronger than it is

24
Q

whats regression toward the mean?

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores/events to regress toward the mean

25
Q

experiment/experimental group?

A

experiment: method in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to observe the effects. in an experiment, the group exposed to the experiment is the experimental group/independent variable

26
Q

control group?

A

the group not exposed to the treatment is the control group

27
Q

random assignment?

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance to minimize bias

28
Q

double blind procedure?

A

when both participants and research staff are blind about whether or not the participants have received the treatment or placebo.

29
Q

placebo effect?

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone

30
Q

confounding variable?

A

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence the studies results

31
Q

dependent variable?

A

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

32
Q

What are some research designs?

A

experimental, correlational. descriptive

33
Q

whats informed consent?

A

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

34
Q

debrief?

A

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including the purpose and any deceptions to the participant

35
Q

descriptive statistic?

A

converting the data retreived into a graph or pie chart

36
Q

what are the measures of central tendency?

A

mode, mean, median

37
Q

mode?

A

the most frequently occurring score

38
Q

mean?

A

aka average! total sum of all scores divided by the number of scores

39
Q

median?

A

middle score in a distribution, half the scores are above it ad half are below it

40
Q

variation in data?

A

how similar or diverse the scores are: low variability is more reliable than high variability

41
Q

range?

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

42
Q

standard deviation?

A

a measure of how much scores vary around the mea

43
Q

normal curve?

A

aka normal distribution or bell curve; most scores fall near the mea and 68% fall within one standard deviation of the mean. 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean and 99% fall between 3 sd of the mean

44
Q

what are the 3 principles to keep in mind when generalizing from a sample?

A

1) representative samples are better than biased
2) less variability is more reliable than high variability
3) more cases are better than fewer

45
Q

statistical significance?

A

statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance

Psyc1100 (9 decks)

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