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Psyc1100 > Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

when heather looks at a friend, how is her sensation and perception?

A

when she looks at a friend, her sensation is normal and her perception is almost normal. she can recognize people from their hair, voice, clothes, but just not their face.

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2
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

it is facial blindness, a condition that heather sellers has

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3
Q

sensation?

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli from our environment

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4
Q

sensory receptors?

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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5
Q

perception?

A

the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information enabling us to recognize objects/events as meaningful

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6
Q

sensation and perception blend into one continuous process called?

A

bottom up processing and top down processing

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7
Q

bottom up processing?

A

information processing that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brains interpretation of sensory information

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8
Q

top down processing?

A

information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions that draw on our experience and expectations

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9
Q

how do the two types of processing work though?

A

as the brain absorbs information while looking at an image, bottom up processing enables your sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form images. using top down processing, you can interpret what the senses detect.

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10
Q

the sensory system performs amazing things: they can?

A

convert one form of energy into another. vision processes light energy. hearing processes sound waves

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11
Q

all of our senses do what?

A

receive sensory stimulation, transform stimulation into neural impulses, and deliver neural information to the brain

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12
Q

transduction?

A

the process of converting one form of energy into another. in sensation, tranforming stimulus energies into neural impulses our brain can interpret

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13
Q

psychophysics?

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as intensity and our psychological experience of them

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14
Q

absolute threshold?

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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15
Q

signal detection theory?

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise.

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16
Q

subliminal stimuli?

A

stimuli you cannot consciously detect 50% of the time, are below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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17
Q

priming?

A

the activation of ones perception, memory, or response

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18
Q

to function effectively, we need ___ low enough to allow us to detect important sights, sounds, textures, tastes, and smells.

A

absolute thresholds

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19
Q

difference threshold?

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. The detectible difference increases with the size of the stimulus.

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20
Q

Webers law?

A

the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage not a constant amount.

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21
Q

Sensory adaptation?

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. when constantly exposed to an unchanging stimulus, we become less aware of it because our nerve cells fire less frequently.

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22
Q

perceptual set?

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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23
Q

perceptual set influences how we?

A

interpret stimuli

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24
Q

what gives us the energy as we work towards a goal?

A

motivation

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25
Q

how can emotions shove our perceptions in one direction or another?

A

hearing sad music can lead people to perceive sad meanings in spoken homophonic words; mourning rather than morning for example.

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26
Q

our eyes receive light energy and — it into neural messages

A

transduce/transform

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27
Q

light travels in ?

A

waves

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28
Q

what are wavelengths?

A

the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next

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29
Q

wavelength determines?

A

hue: the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.

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30
Q

a light waves amplitude or height determines its?

A

intensity: the amount of energy the light or sound wave contains. this is what we perceive as brightness or loudness

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31
Q

light enters the eye through the?

A

cornea: the cornea bends light to help provide focus.

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32
Q

after the cornea, where does the light pass through?

A

the light then passes through the pupil, a small adjustable opening.

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33
Q

surrounding the pupil and controlling its size is the?

A

iris: colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity.

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34
Q

after passing through the pupil, the light hits the?

A

lens in your eye: the lens focuses the light rays into an image on your retina.

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35
Q

accommodation?

A

the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

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36
Q

once the light is in the retina, where does it go?

A

so first the light would go through the sparse outer layer of cells, then reaching the back of the eye, you would encounter the retinas 130 million photoreceptor cells.

37
Q

what are the photoreceptor cells?

A

rods and cones

38
Q

what happens when the light reaches the photoreceptor cells?

A

the light energy triggers chemical changes which spark neural signals in the bipolar cells which activate ganglion cells in which the axons twine together like a rope forming the optic nerve.

39
Q

so after the retina, where is the light going next?

A

after a momentary stopover at the thalamus, the information goes to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain

40
Q

optic nerve?

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain, it can send almost one million messages at once.

41
Q

whats the blindspot?

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a blindspot because no receptor cells are located there.

42
Q

rods?

A

retinal receptors/photoreceptor cell: that detect black white and gray and are sensitive to movement. Also they are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision.

43
Q

cones?

A

retinal receptors/photoreceptor cell: concentrated near the centre of the retina and that function in daylight or well lit conditions. they detect fine detail and give rise to color.

44
Q

what retinal receptor cells are found close to the fovea?

A

the cones cluster in and around the fovea but rods are located around the retinas outer regions.

45
Q

how long does it take for your eyes to adapt to light changes?

A

20 minutes.

46
Q

optic chiasm?

A

structure located at base of brain where fibres from each retina cross over allowing for the interpretation of visual information from both eyes

47
Q

what is the young helmholtz trichromatic three color theory?

A

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors, red green blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

48
Q

what is tetrachromatic color vision?

A

when someone can see up to 100 million colors usually females.

49
Q

opponent processing theory?

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. for example some cells are stimulated by green and some inhibited by red. the colors are red/green, blue/yellow, white/black

50
Q

color processing occurs in 2 stages:

A

1) the retinas red green and blue sensitive cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli,
2) the cones response are then processed by opponent process cells

51
Q

hubel and weisel: feature detectors?

A

nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

52
Q

parallel processing?

A

processing many aspects of a stimulus simultaneously.

53
Q

gestalt?

A

an organized whole. our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

54
Q

figure-ground?

A

the organization of the visual field into objects/figure that stand out from their surroundings/ground. ex: at a party the voice you attend to becomes the figure and the rest is the ground.

55
Q

grouping?

A

the tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

56
Q

depth perception?

A

the ability to see objects in 3 dimensions, allowing us to judge distance

57
Q

visual cliff?

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

58
Q

binocular cue?

A

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.

59
Q

retinal disparity?

A

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance, the greater the disparity, the closer the object

60
Q

monocular cue?

A

depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective: available to either eye alone.

61
Q

phi phenomenon?

A

an illusion of movement created when two or more lights blink on and off in quick succession

62
Q

perceptual constancy?

A

perceiving objects as unchanging: top down process

63
Q

perceptual adaptation?

A

the ability to adjust to change sensory input, including an artificially displayed or inverted visual field. GLASSES EXAMPLE

64
Q

synonym for our hearing?

A

hearing - audition

65
Q

audition?

A

the sense or act of hearing

66
Q

frequency?

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

67
Q

pitch?

A

a tones experienced highness or lowness: depending on frequency. long wavelength/low frequency. short wavelength/high frequency.

68
Q

sound intensity is measured in?

A

decibels

69
Q

middle ear?

A

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing the 3 tiny bones: malleus incus and stapes THE MIDDLE EAR picks up vibrations and transmits them to the cochlea

70
Q

cochlea?

A

coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear , the sound waves travelling through here trigger nerve impulses

71
Q

inner ear?

A

innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

72
Q

auditory nerve does what?

A

carries the neural messages to the thalamus and then on to the auditory cortex in the brains temporal lobe.

73
Q

sensorineural hearing loss?

A

the most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

74
Q

conduction hearing loss?

A

a less common form of hearing loss. caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

75
Q

cochlear implant?

A

a device that can help restore hearing

76
Q

place theory/place coding?

A

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

77
Q

frequency hearing/frequency coding?

A

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone enabling us to sense its pitch

78
Q

gate-control theory?

A

the theory that the spinal cord contains a gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. it is opened by the activity of pain signals and closed by information coming from the brain.

79
Q

hypnosis?

A

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur.

80
Q

dissociation?

A

a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simulaneously with others/ when someone disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, and memory.

81
Q

posthypnotic suggestion?

A

a suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.

82
Q

what is gustation?

A

our sense of taste.

83
Q

olfaction?

A

our sense of smell

84
Q

kinesthesia?

A

our movement sense, our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

85
Q

vestibular sense?

A

our balance sense: our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

86
Q

sensory interaction?

A

the principle that one sense can influence another, example is when the smell of food influences its taste

87
Q

embodied cognition?

A

the influence of bodily sensations and gestures on preferences and judgement. on days we feel physically warm we feel socially warm and friendly.

88
Q

extrasensory perception?

A

the claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input: telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
telepathy: mind to mind communication
clairvoyance: perceiving remote events like a burning house across the country
precognition: perceiving future events such as an unexpected death next month

89
Q

parapsychology?

A

the study of paranormal phenomena: telekinesis for example

Psyc1100 (9 decks)

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