Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

behavior genetics?

A

the study of the power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

hereditary?

A

the transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring

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3
Q

environment?

A

every non-genetic influence such as nutrition, people, and things around us

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4
Q

chromosome?

A

structures made of dna molecules that contain genes: we have 46, 23 pairs

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5
Q

how many genes do we have and what are the two types?

A

20,000: inactive or active

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6
Q

what is dna?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid: a molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosome

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7
Q

genes?

A

the units of hereditary information that make up the chromosomes: small segments of dna are capable of synthesizing proteins

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8
Q

genome?

A

instructions for making an organism consisting of all genetic material in that organisms chromosomes: the shared genetic profile is what makes us human instead of tulips

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9
Q

identical twins and their differences?

A

identical twins/monozygotic twins are individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that splits into two creating two genetically identical organisms: the differences may be that one may have different placenta and they may not have the same number of copies which can explain why one twin may have a higher risk of certain illnesses/conditions.

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10
Q

fraternal twins?

A

individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs: they are no closer genetically than ordinary siblings

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11
Q

if an identical twin has autism spectrum disorder or fraternal, what are the risks of the other person getting it as well?

A

3 in 4 risk if identical and 1 in 3 if fraternal

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12
Q

temperament?

A

a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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13
Q

heritability?

A

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

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14
Q

if environment were to get similar, would heritability increase or decrease?

A

increase

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15
Q

interaction?

A

the effect of one factor such as environment depends on another factor such as heredity

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16
Q

molecular genetics?

A

a part of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

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17
Q

molecular behavior genetics?

A

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

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18
Q

epigenetics?

A

above or in addition to genetics. the study of which environments can influence gene expression without a dna change

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19
Q

what is the difference between evolutionary psychologists and behavior geneticists?

A

behavior geneticists explore the genetic and environmental roots of human differences and evolutionary psychologists focus on what makes us alike as humans and they use the principle of natural selection.

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20
Q

evolutionary psychology?

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection

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21
Q

natural selection?

A

the process in which traits that enhance survival and reproduction will be passed on to generations changing the heritable characteristics in a population over time

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22
Q

mutation?

A

a random error in gene replication

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23
Q

fitness?

A

our ability to survive and reproduce

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24
Q

our similarities arise from?

A

human genome

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25
social script?
a culturally modelled guide for how to act in various situations
26
culture?
the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
27
norm?
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
28
individualism?
when someone gives priority to their own goals over group goals: they strive for personal control and individual achievement
29
collectivism?
giving priority to the goals of ones group instead of individual goals: collectivists have deep attachments to their groups.
30
sex?
biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female
31
gender?
the behavioral characteristics that people associate with boy or girl or man or female
32
intersex?
possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth
33
how many chromosomes are the same for males and females?
45 of the chromosomes are unisex: they are the same for everyone
34
the average male and female differ in?
aggression, social power, and connectedness
35
aggression?
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
36
relational aggression?
an act of physical or verbal aggression intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing
37
what is male answer syndrome?
when males will keep giving random answers to a question instead of just admitting they dont know the answer
38
social connectedness?
males tend to be more independent but women are more interdependent and want more intimate relationships
39
genetically vs physiologically?
genetically we have different sex chromosomes and physiologically we have different concentrations of sex hormones which trigger other differences
40
x chromosome?
the sex chromosome found in both males and females. females have 2 x chromosomes, males have one.
41
y chromosome?
the sex chromosome found in males only. xy = male child.
42
testosterone?
the most important male sex hormone: males and females both have it but additional testosterone in the 7th week stimulates the growth of male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics during puberty
43
estrogen?
sex hormone that contributes to female sex characteristics and secreted in greater amounts by females than males
44
puberty?
the period of sexual maturation: when a person becomes capable of reproducing
45
primary sex characteristics?
ovaries, testes, and external genetilia that make sexual reproduction possible develop dramatically
46
secondary sex characteristics?
nonreproductive sexual traits such as breasts and male voice quality and body hair
47
what is spermarche?
the first ejaculation which happens by about age 14 in males
48
menarche?
first menstrual period which happens within a year of age 12 and a half
49
what are some reasons a girl can get her period faster?
fathers absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, history of mother smoking during pregnancy, or just stress
50
klinefelter syndrome?
when a genetic male is born with 2 x chromosomes but also y
51
turner syndrome?
when a genetic female is born with only one normal x chromosome
52
role?
a set of expectations about a social position and how the people in that social position should behave
53
gender role?
set of behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women
54
sexual aggression?
any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or intended to harm someone physically or emotionally: sexual harrassment or sexual assault
55
gender identity?
our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination
56
binary vs nonbinary?
binary is male or female: nonbinary is not male or female or combo
57
social learning theory?
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and copying and by being rewarded or punished
58
gender typing?
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
59
androgyny?
displaying both male and female characteristics
60
transgender?
when someones gender identity or expression differs from their birth assigned sex
61
sexual orientation vs gender identity?
sexual orientation is who you fantasize about going to bed with and gender identity is who you go to bed as.