Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes vs Archeobacteria Flashcards
OVERVIEW OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD
- infectious proteins, hence causes degenerative diseases (affects the CNS)
- obligate parasites which contains only 1 nucleic acid
- reproduce a certain human cell
- infectious but non reproductive stage
- noninfectious but reproductive stage - have rod to coccoid shape
- not have any membrane-bound
- only occurs when a host has a weakened immune system
- two forms - protozoa 2 forms
- PRIONS
- VIRUS
- CHLAMYDIAE
- ELEMENTARY BODIES
- RETICULATE BODIES - RICKETTSIAE
- BACTERIA
- FUNGI
- YEAST & MOLDS - FREE LIVING, PARASITIC
_______: outermost structure that encloses the cytoplasm of the cell
- outer membrane =
- cell wall =
- periplasm/ periplasmic space =
- plasma membrane =
CELL ENVELOPE
1. only on gram neg
2. both
3. only on gram neg
4. both
______: rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell
- primary target of _____
gram positive cell wall
1. this is the primary target of antimicrobial agent
2. anchored to cell wall
- polymers of ___,____,_____
3. anchored to cell membrane
- contains _____ and ______
4. _____ to alcohol
CELL WALL
- antimicrobial agents
gram positive cell wall
1. Peptidoglycan
2. Teichoic acids
- amino sugars, amino acids & glycerol phosphate
3. Lipoteichoic acid
- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) & N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
4. Impermeable
gram negative cell wall
1. OM is composed of ____, _____,_____
- also functions as barrier as it allows compounds to pass thru ______
2. lipopolysaccharide composition
- referred as endotoxin
- _____
- ______
3. space between outer membrane & inner cell membrane which has a gel-like characteristic that captures nutrients
4. _____ to alcohol
gram negative cell wall
1. proteins, lipoproteins, & lipopolysaccharide
- porins
2.
- lipid a
- core polysaccharide
- antigenic O- specific polysaccharide
3. Periplasmic Space
4. permeable
Special Types of Cell Wall:
1. exhibits the structure of gram (+) but contains waxy layer
- waxy layer of ____ & _____
- responsible for its hydrophobic characteristic
- example (2)
- absence of cell wall bacteria has no cell wall but with ____ in their cell membrane
- example (2)
- ACID-FAST CELL WALL
- glycolipids & fatty acids (mycolic acid)
- mycolic acid
- Mycobacterium & Nocardia - STEROL
- Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma
CELL ENVELOPE:
- phospholipid bilayer w/ embedded proteins which is important for cellular respiration & photosynthesis
- outward complex of polysaccharide from bacterial surface & other
cells
- organized layer and firmly attached to cell wall
- unorganized layer and loosely attached
- capsule is made up of
- slime layer is made up of
- capsule is positive in what test
- spp that have capsule (2)
- PLASMA MEMBRANE
- GLYCOCALYX
- CAPSULE
- SLIME PAYER
- POLYSACCHARIDE + PROTEIN
- POLYSACCHARIDE ONLY
- NEURELD-QUELLUNG TEST
- Klebsiella pneumoniae & Streptococcus pneumoniae
CYTOPLASMIC REGION
- site of protein biosynthesis which consists of RNA & proteins
- have ____ larger subunits and _____ smaller subunits - consists of single, circular chromosome attached to mesosome
- sac-like structure that is part of attachment for chromosomes
- extrachromosomal circular molecule of DNA which is site for genes
- codes for ____ & _____ but not important in bacterial growth
- large plasmids are resistant to beta lactam drug like ____,_____
- small plasmids are resistant against ____ & ____
- RIBOSOME
- 50 larger subunits + _____ 30s subunits - GENOME
- MESOSOMES
- PLASMIDS
- antibiotic resistance & antitoxin
- penicillin, oxacillin
- tetracycline & chloramphenicol
CYTOPLASMIC REGION
- energy source/ food reserve of bacteria which consists of polysaccharides
- much granules
- babes-ernst granules
- bipolar bodies
- sulfur granules - dormant structure that develops inside bacterial cell wall as a means
of survival against harsh condition
- composition: ___ + ___ = ____
- 2 genera nexhibiting this
- terminal spore
- subterminal spore
- central spore
- INCLUSION BODIES
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Corynebacterium diphtheria
- Y. pestis, Pasteurella & Bordetella
- Nocardia & Actinomyces - ENDOSPORE
- dipicolinic acid + calcium ions =calcium dipicolinate
- Bacillus & Clostridium
- Clostridium tetani
- Clostridium botulinum
- Bacillus anthracis
CELL APPENDAGES
1. thread-like/whip-like; motility, survivability & pathogenicity of bacteria
- aka
- give two test for detection
2. hair-like, proteinaceous structure which aids in attachment of bacteria to host surface
- aka
- adherence of bacteria to host cell
- bacterial conjugation, gene transfer
- FLAGELLA
- H ANTIGEN
- SULFUR INDOLE MOTILITY MEDIA & HANGING DROP METHOD - PILI
- FIMBRIAE
- SOMATIC/ ORDINARY PILI
- SEX PILI
ARRANGEMENT OF FLAGELLA
1. w/o
2. flagella all over the surface
- spp
3. tuft of flagella at one end
- spp
4. one or more flagella at each end
5. flagellum located at one end
- spp
6. primarily responsible for the motility of spirochetes
- atrichous
- peritrichous
- Salmonella typhi - lophotrichous
- Pseudomonas fluorescens - amphitrichous
- monotrichous
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa - periplasmic flagella
notable motility characteristics:
1. tumbling motility:
2. gliding motility:
3. darting motility:
4. corkscrew motility:
5. twitching motility:
6. shooting star motility:
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Capnocytophagia
- Campylobacter jejuni
- spirochetes (Treponema pallidum)
- Bartonella & Kingella
- Vibrio cholera
EUKARYOTES CELL STRUCTURE
1. location of ribosome factory
2. membrane-bound sac evolved to store cell chromosome
3. regulates the passage of materials in & out of cell
4. makes cell energy
5. build proteins from AA in cytoplasm made of RNA
6. network of interconnected tunnels which transports material
- builds & transport lipid & carbohydrates
- stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
7. takes in sacs raw material or modifies proteins from ER
8. pair of bundled tubes that organize cell division
9. made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm which gives shape to cell
- NUCLEOLUS
- NUCLEUS
- CELL MEMBRANE
- MITOCHONDRIA
- RIBOSOMES
- ER
- SMOOTH ER
- ROUGHT ER - GOLGI COMPLEX
- CENTRIOLES
- CYTOSKELETON
came from ‘archaois’ meaning ancient
- found to be more closely related to
- no _____
ARCHEOBACTERIA
- Eukaryotic cells
- Pepitodoglycan
