1 Flashcards
- Study of bacteria
- Study of fungi
- Study of viruses
- Study of algae
- Study of protozoans
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Virology
- Phycology
- Protozoology
Scopes of Bacteriology
1. study of pathogens, nature & development of
diseases that they cause (pathogenesis), and
body’s defenses
- delves into the field of
2. monitoring or controlling the infectious diseases
3. how the immune system protects the body from pathogens
4. harmful & beneficial roles of microbes in plants & crops
5. interrelationships among microorganisms & other microorganisms
6. role of microorganisms in food production
7. monitoring & maintenance of essential
microorganisms for commercial enterprises
8. understanding of the physiological processes of microorganisms
10. focuses on the nature of genetic information
and how it regulates
Scopes of Bacteriology
1. Medical
Microbiology
- epidemiology
2. Public Health Microbiology
3. Immunology
4. Agricultural Microbiology
5. Microbial Ecology/ Environmental Microbiology
6. Food & Dairy
Microbiology
7. Industrial Microbiology
8. Microbial Physiology &
Biochemistry
10. Microbial Genetics
& Molecular Biology
DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS
1. Lucretius & Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that diseases were caused by_______
- L =
- F =
2. made the earliest microscopic observations on bees & weevils (living organisms) using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo
3. first true microbiologist = Father of Bacteriology &
Protozoology
- described microorganisms from pond water as ___
- used his self-made single-lens microscope w/ ___
magnification
- invisible living creatures
- ATOMS
- SEMINARIA - Francesco Stelluti
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- animalcules
- 50–300x magnification
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
- simpler invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation
- if it contains _____ - made the first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation
- he set out meat in a variety of flasks, some
____, some ____, & some ____
- maggots appeared only in the - observed that boiled mutton broth (tightly sealed) eventually
became cloudy w/ microorganisms - proposed that air carried microorganisms to culture medium and that external air might be essential for the growth of animals present already in the medium
- improved the previous experiments of ____
- by using ____ & ___
- Aristotle
- pneuma - Francesco Redi
- open to air, completely sealed, covered with gauze
- open flasks - John Needham
- Lazzaro Spallanzani
- Needham
- sealed boiled water & seeds
BIOGENESIS
- challenged spontaneous generation w/ the concept of biogenesis
- no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through red-hot tube
- no growth occurred after allowing air to pass thru sterile cotton wool placed in a flask of the heat-sterilized medium
- showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile broth (no bacterial growth)
- form of sterilization for 3 consecutive days
- ___C for ____mins for ____ days
- to eradicate ____ or ____
- Rudolf Virchow
- Theodore Schwann
- Georg Friedrich Schroder & Theodore van Dusch
- John Tyndall
- tyndallization
- 100C for 30-60mins for 3 days
- endospores/ vegetative cells
_______: resolved the issue of spontaneous generation
- stated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat; basis of the ______
- microorganisms cannot originate from _____ present in nonliving materials
- however, according to _____, no matter how long some flasks were boiled, they always produce certain growth – ________ - Experiment
- together with ___ cretes a bacterial filter
- created vaccine for ____ & _____
- improved the wine industry (theory of ______)
- _____stated that yeast cells were responsible for
conversion of sugars > alcohol, however he said that fermentation
was not due to microorganisms but to a chemical instability that
converted sugars > alcohols - Pasteur described that certain microorganisms knows as _____ converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air (_______)
- in the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into ______
- heating the bear & wine just enough to kill most of
the bacteria
LOUIS PASTEUR
1. ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
2. MYSTICAL FORCES
- FERDINAND COHN – HEAT RESISTANT BACTERIAL SPORES
3. SWAN-NECKED FLASK
4. CHARLES CHAMBERLAND
5. ANTHRAX & AGAINST RABIES
6. FERMENTATION
7. THEODORE SCHWANN
8. YEAST (FERMENTATION)
9. VINEGAR
10. PASTEURIZATION
________: diseases arose from activities of microorganisms
____: established the first proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases
- developed ______ for observing growth of bacteria isolated from
the human body - discovered _____ which causes ____ & ______
- first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin & used meat extracts and protein digests for cultivation; he was able to accomplish this feat alongside his colleagues
- use of agar as a solidifying agent
- developed the petri dish (plate)
- developed enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
Germ Theory
Robert Koch
- culture media
- Bacillus anthracis – causes Anthrax; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3.
- Fannie Eilshemius Hesse
- Richard Petri
- Martinus Beijerinck & Sergie Winogradsky
Koch’s Postulates: for proving the Germ Theory of Disease
- suspected pathogen must be ____ in all cases of disease and a ____ from healthy animals
- suspected pathogen must be grown in _____
- suspected pathogen must be ______ and shown to be ______
- cells from pure culture of suspected pathogen must ______
- suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of disease and a absent from healthy animals
- suspected pathogen must be grown in culture media
- suspected pathogen must be reisoltes and shown to be the same as the origin
- cells from pure culture of suspected pathogen must cause disease in healthy individual
HISTORY OF ANTISEPTICS
- developed the Antiseptic System of Surgery
- demonstrated the use of ____ for treating surgical wound - suggested hand washing in chlorinated lime sol’n
- during his practice in rain institution, he observed the high incidence of ______
- Joseph Lister
- phenol - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
- maternal mortality
BIRTH OF IMMUNOLOGY: VACCINATION
- introduced the first successful vaccination; found a way to protect
people from small pox
- intrigued by country-lore which said that people who caught cowpox (____ virus) from their cows could not catch smallpox
(_____ virus)
- vaccine Latin = ___ = cow - prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
- Edward Jenner
- cowpox (vaccinia virus); smallpox (variola virus)
- vaccine Latin = vacca = cow - Emil von Behring
MODERN THERAPHY “MAGIC BULLET”
______: treatment of disease using chemical
substances; also refers to chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer
- produced naturally by bacteria & fungi to act against microorganisms
- prepared from chemical in the laboratory
- ______: he discovered ______ for treatment of syphilis
- _____: discovered penicillin (_______)
- made the purification process for penicillin
CHEMOTHERAPY
1. Antibiotics
2. Synthetic Drugs
3. Paul Ehrlich: salvarsan (arsphenamine)
4. Alexander Fleming: Penicillium notatum
5. Howard Florey & Ernst Chain
