Prokaryotes Flashcards
What are the percentages of the “Biomass of Earth” ?
50% Bacteria/Fungi
35% Plants
15% Animals
What are three characteristics of prokaryotes?
CELLULAR
NO MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLES
SINGULAR-CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME
What is the most well known example of a prokaryote?
BACTERIA
What are the ten different forms of bacterial cells?
COCCI
DIPLOCOCCUS
STREPTOCOCCUS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
TETRAD
SARCINA
BACILLUS
DIPLOBACILLUS
STREPTOBACILLUS
SPIRAL
What is the form of a cocci bacterial cell?
Spherical
How can the diplococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
TWO cells side by side
How can the streptococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
A CHAIN of cells in a row
How can the staphylococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
A BUNCH of cells in a “pool rack” kind of arrangement
How can the tetrad arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
FOUR cells in a SQUARE arrangement
How can the sarcina arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
A CUBOIDAL BOX arrangement with cells inside
How can the bacillus bacterial shape be described?
ROD-SHAPED
How can the diplobacillus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
TWO rod-shaped cells side by side
How can the streptobacillus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?
A CHAIN of ROD-SHAPED bacteria
How can the spiral bacterial cells be described?
Multiple lines in multiple forms
What are the two classifications of spiral bacteria?
SPIROCHETE
SPIRILLUM
What are the two types of cell walls in Eubacteria?
GRAM-POSITIVE
GRAM-NEGATIVE
What are three characteristics of a Gram-Positive cell wall in Eubacteria?
VERY THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN CELL WALL
ABSORB THE STAIN
THE COLOR IS BLUE-PURPLE
What are three characteristics of a Gram-Negative cell wall in Eubacteria?
THIN layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall
DO NOT absorb the stain
THE COLOR IS pink-red
What is the “capsule” ?
An extracellular slime layer surrounding the cell wall of some bacteria
The __________________ may protect bacteria and allow for attachment to cells
CAPSULE
What is the “pili” ?
The protein structures that extend from the cell
The _______________ helps bacterial adhere to surfaces
PILI
What are three characteristics of the flagella?
They produce a rotary motion
Similar to eukaryotic flagella
The number and location help to identify bacteria
Genetic material is found in what two forms?
Circular DNA molecule
Plasmids (small “Snippits” of DNA)
________________ is responsible for resistance to antibiotics?
GENETIC MATERIAL
___________________ does not have protein associated with it
PROKARYOTIC DNA
What are the three types of Asexual Reproduction?
BINARY FISSION
BUDDING
FRAGMENTATION
_______________ is the most common form of asexual reproduction
BINARY FISSION
What occurs in “binary fission” ?
1st the Circular DNA replicates
and
2nd the ingrowth from the cell membrane and wall divides bacteria into two
__________________ is very fast
BINARY FISSION
_________________ is a less common form of asexual reproduction
BUDDING
What is the process for “budding” ?
A bacterial cell forms a bulge/bud which enlarges and eventually separates
What is the process for “fragmentation” ?
Walls form inside the bacterial cell which then separates into many new cells
What are the two TYPES of genetic transfer?
VERTICAL and HORIZONTAL transfer
What are the three MECHANISM to exchange genetic material?
TRANSFORMATION
TRANSDUCTION
CONJUGATION
What is the genetic material mechanism “Transformation” ?
It is the intake of DNA fragments from the environment
What happens during transduction?
The phage carries bacterial DNA between cells
What happens during “conjugation”?
Cells of different mating types exchange bits of DNA
What are endospores?
Extremely durable enclosure around the genetic material which withstands high heat, dry conditions, freezing temps, etc..
How many endospores are there per cell?
ONE
_____________ obtain energy and carbon from other organisms
HETEROTROPHS
_______________ make their own organic molecules from raw materials
AUTOTROPHS
What are the two types of autotrophs?
PHOTO-AUTOTROPHS
CHEMO-AUTOTROPHS
What are photo-autotrophs get their energy from?
THE SUN
Where do chemo-autotrophs get their energy?
They use ammonia or hydrogen sulfide for energy
Most bacteria are _________________
OBLIGATE AEROBES
What are obligate aerobes?
It means that the bacteria must have access to oxygen
What are the two types of anaerobes?
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
What are the oxygen requirements for facultative anaerobes?
Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen if it is available but it can survive without it
What are the oxygen requirements for obligate anaerobes?
Obligate anaerobes carry on metabolism only without oxygen. (They can use it or exist with it)
What are the two prokaryotic domains?
EUBACTERIA and ARCHAE BACTERIA
What are four characteristics of methanogens?
They do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall
They do not cause disease
They produce methane gas
They exist in anaerobic environments
(sewers, swamps, digestive tracts)
What are “Extreme Halophiles”?
Archaebacteria that inhabit saturated salt solutions (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, Salt Ponds.)
What are “Extreme Thermophiles”?
Archaebacteria that inhabit environments over 100*C and/or low pH or acidic environments. (Yellowstone Park sulfur springs.)
What are the five “positive” functions of bacteria?
They are decomposers
They fix nitrogen for plants
They are used in antibiotics
Involved with food production
Involved with bioremedication
What does it mean for a bacteria to be a decomposer?
it means that they can break down dead organic matter and waste
What is bioremedication?
It is the process of using bacteria to detoxify or remove oil, gasoline, and other pollutants from the environment
What are three negative properties of pathogens?
Biofilms, exotoxins, and endotoxins
What are biofilms?
Dense communities over water or solid surfaces (dental plaque) which resist antibiotics and defense systems
What are exotoxins?
A substance released from bacteria or leaked out when the bacteria dies. (Botulism: 1g = 1million people)
What are endotoxins?
A substance that exists within the cell walls of most gram negative bacteria.
They also cause fever and other symptoms
