Prokaryote Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells and their products
  2. Cells are the monomer for any organism
  3. New cells arise from pre-existing, living cells
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2
Q

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Prokaryotes include three classes:

A

Bacteria, arched and blue-green algae

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification of living organisms

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5
Q

Largest taxonomic division is the

A

Domain

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6
Q

Three domains:

A

Archea, eukaryotes and bacteria

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7
Q

Each domain can be further divided into

A

Kingdoms

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8
Q

The three eurkayotic kingdoms are

A

Anamilia, plantae and fungi

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9
Q

Protists

A

Single-celled eukaryotes

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10
Q

Prokaryotic genome is a

A

Single double-stranded circular DNA chromosome

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11
Q

In bacteria, transcription and translation occur

Translation occurs via

A

Simultaneously in the cytoplasm

Multiple ribosomes translate the RNA simultaneously before it is done being transcribed

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12
Q

Are E and P ribosomes the same?

A

No

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13
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular piece of double-stranded DNA which is much smaller than the genome

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14
Q

Plasmid are extrachromosomal genetic elements meaning they

A

Encode gene product which confer advantage upon a bacterium carrying the plasmic

ex: antibiotic resistant genes

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15
Q

Plasmids are capable of autonomous replication meaning

A

Single plasmid molecule within a bacterial cell may cause itself to be replicated into many copies

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16
Q

Conjugation

A

Plasmids also orchestrate bacterial exchange of genetic information

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17
Q

Many cocci / one coccus

A

Round bacteria

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18
Q

Many bacilli / one bacillus

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

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19
Q

Many spirochetes or spirilla / one spirochete or spirillum

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

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20
Q

Bacterial cell wall is composed of

A

Peptidoglycan which is cross-linked chains made of sugars and AA including D-alanine (not found in animal cells)

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21
Q

Protoplast

A

Osmotically fragile structure created by the lysozyme tearing the bacterial cell wall

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22
Q

Gram staining

A

Method of classification based on which bacteria turn color

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23
Q

Two groupings in gram staining:

A

Gram positive, stain a strong dark purple

Gram negative, stain a weak light pink color

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24
Q

Gram positive bacteria have a

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) outside the cell membrane and no layer beyond this

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25
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a

A

Thinner peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) but have an additional outer layer containing lipopolysaccharide

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26
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Intermediate layer between the cell membrane and cell wall in gram negative bacteria

Found here are enzymes that degrade antibiotics

Increased protection from environment is cause for weak staining

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27
Q

Capsule / glycocalyx

A

Sticky layer of polysaccharide “goo” surrounding the cell and often an entire colony of bacteria

Makes it harder for the immune system to eradicate bacteria and enables bacteria to stick to smooth surfaces

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28
Q

Flagella

A

Bacteria mobility, only meaning of locomotion

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29
Q

Motile

A

Bacteria with one or more flagella

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30
Q

Monotrichous

A

Flagella are only on one end

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31
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella located on both ends

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32
Q

Peritrichous

A

Multiple flagella

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33
Q

Three components of flagella

A

Filament, hook and basal structure

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34
Q

Basal structure of flagella function

A

Anchor flagella and rotate the rod/flagellum

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35
Q

Most important thing to remember about the prokaryotic flagella is that its structure is

A

different from the eukaryotic one

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36
Q

Pili

A

Long projections on the bacterial surface involved in attaching to different surfaces

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37
Q

Sex pilus

A

Attaching F+ (male) and F- (Female) bacteria which facilitated formation of conjugated bridges

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38
Q

Fimbriae

A

Smaller structures not involved in locomotion or conjugation but involved in adhering to surfaces

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39
Q

Mesophiles

A

Bacteria that favor mild temperatures similar to the ones humans favor (30 deg C)

40
Q

Thermophiles

A

Heat lovers

41
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Cold lovers

42
Q

Autotrophs

A

Utilize CO2 as carbon source

43
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Use organic nutrients created from other living things as energy source

44
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Energy from chemicals

45
Q

Phototrophs

A

Energy from light

46
Q

Each bacterium is either a ___ or ___ and a ___ or ___

A

Autotroph or heterotroph

and a

Chemotroph or phototroph

47
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Build organic macromolecules from CO2 using energy of chemicals

48
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Require organic molecules made by other organisms as carbon source and for energy (US)

49
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use CO2 as carbon source and obtain energy from sun (Plant)

50
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Get energy from sun but require an organic molecule made by another organism as energy source

51
Q

Medium gets put on a Petri dish via ___

What is the medium?

A

Plating

Growth environment of bacteria

52
Q

When a bacterium grows on a plate, it will give rise to many progeny in a

A

Colony

53
Q

Minimal medium

A

Glucose with agar

54
Q

Wild-type bacterium

A

Normal to particular species

55
Q

Bacterial lawn vs a plaque

A

Dense growth of bacteria seen in Petri dishes

Plaque is a clear area in the lawn result of death caused by lytic viruses or toxins

56
Q

Doubling time

A

Amount of time required for a population of bacteria to double its number… varies depending on conditions

57
Q

Auxotroph

A

Cannot survive on minimal medium because it cant synthesize a molecule it needs to live

Results from a mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme in. as synthetic pathway

58
Q

Lac + vs Lac - bacterium

A

Lac +: needs lactose in medium for survival

Lac-: will die if lactose is in medium

59
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Need oxygen

60
Q

Anaerobes

A

No oxygen required

61
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Use oxygen when it is around but dont need it

62
Q

Tolerant anaerobes

A

Can grow in presence of oxygen but do not use it in their metabolism

63
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Poisoned by oxygen

64
Q

Respiration is glucose catabolism with use of ______

Fermentation is glucose catabolism which gives off ____

A

inorganic electron acceptor (O2)

By-product and does not use inorganic electron acceptor

65
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Glucose metabolism with electron transport and oxidation phosphorylation relying on external electron acceptor other than O2

66
Q

How do bacteria cells reproduce?

A

Grow until they are large enough and have enough components for two cells and then they divide

67
Q

Binary Fission

A

Bacteria grow until they are large enough and have enough components for two cells and then they divide

68
Q

How is asexual reproduction different in P & E?

A

E go through mitosis and P don’t

69
Q

Although bacteria do not reproduce sexually they do exchange genetic material via

A

Conjugation

70
Q

Log phase

A

In optimal conditions, population growth is exponential meaning the log of the population size grows linearly with time

71
Q

Lag phase

A

Prior to exponential growth, bacteria that were not previously growing undergo a lag phase during which cell division does not occur even if the growth conditions are ideal

72
Q

Stationary phase

A

Growth medium metabolites are depleted and waste products accumulate the cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients

73
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum population at the stationary phase

74
Q

Death phase

A

Last stages of the stationary phase, cell death may occur due to the mediums inability to support growth

75
Q

Endospores

A

Tough, thick external shells comprised of peptidoglycan formed under unfavorable growth conditions

76
Q

Within the endospore is the

A

Genome, ribosomes and RNA required for the spore to be metabolically active when conditions become favorable

77
Q

Germination

A

Metabolic reactivation of an endospore

78
Q

A single bacterium is only able to form

Therefore, bacteria:

A

One endospore per cell

cannot increase population via endospore formation

79
Q

Forming an endospore is like

A

Hibernation… Bacteria will do it to sleep through the bad times (stationary phase)

80
Q

Bacteria have three mechanisms for exchanging DNA information

None of which have anything to do with

A

Transduction, transformation and conjugation

Reproduction

81
Q

Transduction

A

Lysogenic cycle complication where DNA enters other host cell from previous host cell

82
Q

Transformation

A

DNa is added to a bacterial culture, the bacteria internalize the DNA in certain conditions and gain information from the DNA

83
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria make physical contact to form a bridge between the cells

84
Q

In conjugation, one cell copies DNA and this information is

A

Transferred to the bridge to the other cell

85
Q

A key bacterial conjugation is an extrachromosomal element known as the

Transmission of the F factor is

A

Fertility factor (F)

Unidirectional

86
Q

Bacteria with the F+ factor are ___ and will transfer their DNA to ____

Bacteria without the F factor (F-) will

A

Male and will transfer their info to the F- (female) bacteria

Receive the F+ factor and become male

87
Q

Although the F factor is extrachromosomal, it does sometimes become

A

Integrated into the bacterial chromosomes through recombination

88
Q

Hfr (High frequency of recombination) cell

A

Cell with F factor integrated into the genome

89
Q

Conjugation mapping

A

Stopping conjugation at certain time intervals allows scientists to make the DNA genome of the bacterial chromosomes by analyzing recipient cells to see which genes were transferred

90
Q

Archaea

A

Bacteria that live in most extreme environments

91
Q

Structurally archaea differ from bacteria in that they

A

Lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall

Share traits with E including introns and similar mRNA sequences

Single celled and reproduce via fission or budding

92
Q

Parasitic bacteria can either be
Obligate:
or Facultative:

A

Must be inside a host cell to replicate

Can live and reproduce inside or outside the host cell

93
Q

Parasite

A

Damage is being done to the host cell

Modulate the course of damage to be able to feed off the host for nutrients

94
Q

T-cells

T-cell deficiency:

A

Responsible for monitoring cellular contents

deficiency: hard time fighting off bacterial and viral infections

95
Q

Symbiotic bacteria

A

Coexist with a host and both derive benefit

Don’t survive long outside of the symbiotic environment