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My MCAT Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between the endocrine and nervous system

A

N: fast acting, short term

E: slow acting, fast term

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2
Q

A primary connection between the nervous and endocrine systems:

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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3
Q

Endocrine systems releases __ to affect ____ via the ____

A

Hormones to affect distant target cells with the appropriate receptor via the bloodstream

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4
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless gland whose products are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to the region

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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into the external environment by way of ducts which empty into the world or GI lumen

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6
Q

Hormone receptor

A

Polypeptide that possesses ligand-specific binding site

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7
Q

Binding of ligand ( ____ ) to the site causes the receptor to modify target cell activity

Tissue-specificity of hormone action is determined by

A

Hormone

Wether cells of a tissue have the appropriate receptors

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8
Q

Two classes of hormones:

Hydrophilic:

Hydrophobic:

A

Hydrophillic (peptides, AA derivatives) must bind to receptors on cell surface

Hydrophobic: (steroids) bind to cell interior

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9
Q

Peptide hormones are synthesized in the ___ and modified in the ____

They are stored in the ___ until they are needed

A

Rough ER

Golgi

Vesicles

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10
Q

When peptide hormones are ready to be used they are released by

A

Exocytosis

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11
Q

In the bloodstream, peptides dissolve in the ___ because they are:

A

Plasma

hydrophilic

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12
Q

Peptides hydrophilicity prevents them from crossing the cell membranes so they must communicate with the interior via a

A

Second messenger cascade which changes the function of proteins in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

A key feature of second messenger cascade is

A

signal amplification, which allows few activated receptors to change many enzyme’s activity in the cell

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14
Q

Because peptide hormones modify the activity of existing enzymes in the cytoplasm, their effects are exerted ____ and last ____

A

Rapidly

Short term

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15
Q

Two subcategories of the peptide hormone

A

Polypeptides and AA derivates (derived from single AA and have no peptide bonds)

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16
Q

Steroids are synthesized from ___ in ____

A

Cholesterol in smooth ER

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17
Q

Due to their ____, steroids can _____

A

Hydrophobicity

freely diffuse through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Since steroids diffuse through the cell membrane, they are not ___ but rather ____ as soon as they are made, so if a steroid hormone is not needed, ____

A

Stored

Diffuse into the blood stream

It won’t be made

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19
Q

Since steroids cannot be dissolved in the plasma, they journey through the bloodstream stuck to __ by ___

A

proteins by hydrophobic interactions

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20
Q

The small, hydrophobic steroid hormone exerts its effects upon target cells by

A

Diffusing through the plasma membrane to bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Once the steroid hormone diffuses in the cell and binds to its ligand, the hormone receptor complex

A

Is transported to the nucleus where it acts on transcription regulators to change the amount and type of protein in the cell

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22
Q

Since steroids change proteins transcription, their onset and extent of effects last

A

Onset: Slow (days)

Extent: Longer term effects (days to weeks)

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23
Q

Steroids regulating sexuality, reproduction and development are secreted by the:

A

Testes, ovaries and placenta

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24
Q

Steroids regulating water balance and other processes are secreted by

A

Adrenal cortex

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25
Q

All other endocrine glands (aside from the testes, ovaries, placenta and adrenal cortex) secrete

A

Peptide hormones

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26
Q

Thyroid hormone is derived from an amino acid, but its mechanism of action more closely resembles

A

Steroids

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27
Q

Specificity of peptides limits their action to target cells which have surface receptors on the cell membrane the exception is:

A

Thyroxine which is cytoplasmic

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28
Q

The flexible, automatic orderliness is attributable to

A

Feedback regulation

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29
Q

Physiological endpoint

A

Must be maintained at constant levels

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30
Q

Homeostasis

A

Physiological consistency (more long term than allosteric homeostasis)

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31
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that regulate hormones

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32
Q

Portion of the adrenal gland called the cortex

A

responsible for secreting cortisol and other steroids

33
Q

Negative feedback or feedback inhibition

A

Result of hormone secretion inhibits further secretion

34
Q

Most feedback in the endocrine system (and biochemical feedback) is

A

Negative

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Instruct endocrine system by releasing tropic hormones that regulate other tropic hormones, called releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones

36
Q

Releasing and inhibiting factors/hormones

A

Tropic hormones that regulate tropic hormones

37
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A

Special circulatory system for efficient transport of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors to the anterior pituitary

38
Q

Hypophysis

A

Another name for pituitary gland

39
Q

Pituitary gland has two halves

A

Front (anterior) and back (posterior)

40
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

41
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

42
Q

Anterior vs posterior pituitary gland

A

anterior: normal endocrine gland controlled by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (esp. tropics)
post: composed of axons which descend from the hypothalamus (neuroendocrine cells)

43
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A

neurons which secrete hormones into the blood stream such as in the posterior pit. gland

44
Q

The hormones of the posterior pit are

A

ADH which causes kidney eater retention during thirst and oxycontin (allowing milk for nursing and uterine contractions for labor)

45
Q

Thyroid hormone and cortisol

A

Broad effects on metabolism and energy usage

46
Q

Thyroid hormone is prod from the ____ and comes in two forms with 3 or 4

A

AA tyrosine

Iodine atoms per molecule

47
Q

The prod of thyroid hormone is increased by:

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary regulated from the hypothalamus and CNS

48
Q

Mechanism of action for thyroid:

A

Bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm of cells that regulates transcription in the nucleus

Regulation effect INC overall metabolic rate, body temp and growth stimulation

49
Q

Exposure to ___ can increase thyroid prod

A

Cold

50
Q

Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal Cortex in response to ___ from the pituitary gland

A

ACTH

51
Q

In general, cortisol helps the body

A

Deal with stress: provide energy during stress by mobilizing glycogen and fat stores and INC protein consumption

52
Q

Removal of adrenal cortex and stress exposure

A

Death results

53
Q

Long term levels of cortisol give negative effects such as

A

Suppression of the immune system

54
Q

Adrenal gland is located

A

Near the pancreas

55
Q

Hypothalamus

Hormone (class)
Target/effect

A

H: releasing and inhibiting factors (peptides)

T: Ant. pit / modify activity

56
Q

Ant Pit

Hormone class: growth hormone
Effect

A

H: growth hormone (peptide)

More bone and muscle growth, more call turnover

57
Q

Ant. Pit

Hormone class: prolactin
Target/effect

A

Prolactin (peptide)

Mammary gland/milk production

58
Q

Ant. Pit (Tropic)

Hormone class: Thyroid stimulating hormone
Target/effect

A

TSH (Peptide)

Thyroid/ increases synthesis and release of TH

59
Q

Ant. Pit (Tropic)

Hormone class: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Effect

A

ACTH (peptide)

growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

60
Q

Ant Pit (Gonadotropic)

Hormone class: luteinizing hormone (LH)
Target/effect

A

LH (peptide)

Ovary/ovulation, testes/testosterone synthesis

61
Q

Ant Pit (Gonadotropic)

Hormone class: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target/effect

A

FSH (peptide)

Ovary/follicle development, testes/spermatogenesis

62
Q

Posterior pituitary

Hormone class: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
Target/effect

A

ADH Peptide

Kidney/water retention

63
Q

Post Pit

Hormone class: oxytocin
Target/effect

A

Oxytocin Peptide

Breast/milk letdown, uterus/contraction

64
Q

Thyroid

Hormone class: Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)
group/effect

A

Modified AA

Child: necessary for physical and mental development
Adult: higher metabolic rate and temp

65
Q

Thyroid C Cells

Hormone class: calcitonin
Target/effect

A

calcitonin (peptide)

bone, kidney/ lowers serum (Ca2+)

66
Q

Parathyroids

Hormone class: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Target/effect

A

PTH (peptide)

Bone, kidney, small intestines/raises serum (Ca2+)

67
Q

Thymus

Hormone class: thymosin
Group/effect

A

Thymosin (peptide)

Kids only
T cell development during childhood

68
Q

Adrenal Medulla

Hormone class: Epinephrine
Effect

A

Epi (modified AA)

Rapid sympathetic stress response

69
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Hormone class: cortisol
Effect

A

Steroid

longer term stress response, more blood (glucose), more protein catabolism, less inflammation and immunity

70
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Hormone class: Aldosterone
Target/effect

A

Aldosterone (steroid)

Kidney/ more Na+ reabsorption to BP

71
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Hormone class: Sex steroids
Effect

A

not normally important, but an adrenal tumor can overproduce these, causing masculinization or feminization

72
Q

Endocrine pancreas

Hormone class: Insulin
Target/effect

A

Peptide by beta cells

less blood (glucose)/more glycogen and fat storage

73
Q

Endocrine pancreas

Hormone class: Glucagon
Target/effect

A

Peptide

more blood glucose/less glycogen and fat storage

74
Q

Endocrine pancreas

Hormone class: Somatosatin
Target/effect

A

peptide

inhibits many digestive processes

75
Q

Testes

Hormone class: testosterone
Target/effect

A

Steroid

male characteristics, spermatogenesis

76
Q

Ovaries/Placenta

Hormone class: estrogen
Target and effect:

A

steroid

female characteristics and endometrial growth

77
Q

Ovaries/Placenta

Hormone class: pro-estrogen
Target and effect:

A

Steroid

endometrial secretion and pregnancy

78
Q

Heart

Hormone class: ANF (atrial natriuretic factor)
Target and effect:

A

Peptide

Kidney/ inc urination to decrease BP

79
Q

Kidney

Hormone class: erythrioietin
Target and effect:

A

Peptide

Bone marrow/RBC synthesis inc

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