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My MCAT Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Diploid vs haploid organisms

A

Diploid: two copies of genome per cell
Haploid: one copy of genome per cell

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2
Q

In sequel reproduction, the diploid is produced by

A

The haploid of the mother and the haploid of the father fusing

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3
Q

Gene

A

length of DNA coding for a particular gene product

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4
Q

Locus

A

pinpointing a genes location on a chromosome

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5
Q

Human genome has how many chromosomes?

A

24 chromosome pairs

22 autosomes pairs and 2 allosomes pairs (sex chromosomes)

One from mom, one from dad

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two nonidentical copies of a chromosome

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7
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of a gene that may carry out the genes function differently

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8
Q

Genotype

A

DNA sequence of the alleles a person carries

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9
Q

Heterozygote vs homozygote

A

Hetero: two different alleles at a given locus

Homo: two identical alleles at a given locus

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of the genotype

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11
Q

Dominant vs recessive

A

Dominant: expressed allele in heterozygote

Recessive: non-expressed allele in heterozygote

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12
Q

Can a haploid organism have recessive alleles?

A

No because there is only one copy of the genome

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13
Q

Mitosis produces:

Meiosis produces:

A

Mitosis prod two identical daughter cells from a parent cell

Meiosis prod one haploid sex cell from a diploid cell

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14
Q

Spermatogonia and oogonia

A

Only cells to undergo meiosis

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15
Q

Primary differences between meiosis and mitosis (2)

A
  1. Mitosis has one cell division to make two daughter cells and meiosis has two cell divisions to make four haploid gametes (meiosis 1 and meiosis 2)
  2. Recombination between homologous chromosomes occurs in meiosis
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16
Q

Steps of Meiosis

  1. S-phase: ______
  2. Prophase I: chromosomes condense and ______ breaks down, _____ form
  3. DNA is cut at the same location on homologous chromosomes, ______ between the pair and chromosomes are _____
  4. Metaphase I: _____ align along _____ plate
    5: Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes ____ and _____ remain together
    6: Telophase I: __________ (cells are now considered to be: ______ because they have one set of chromosomes but are still replicated sister chromatids)
  5. _________ begins with the ____ process as Meiosis I except that:
  6. Anaphase II separates ___________, not tetrads
  7. Telophase II produces ________ from the single diploid parent cell
A
  1. S-phase: DNA replication
  2. Prophase I: chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down, tetrads form
  3. DNA is cut at the same location on homologous chromosomes, genes are swapped between the pair and chromosomes are realigned
  4. Metaphase I: tetrads align along metaphase plate
    5: Anaphase I: homologous chromes separate and sister chromatids remain together
    6: Telophase I: divides into two cells (cells are now considered to be: haploid because they have one set of chromosomes but are still replicated sister chromatids)
  5. Meiosis II begins with the same process as meiosis I except that:
  6. Anaphase II separates sister chromatids, not tetrads
  7. Telophase II produces 4 haploid cells with a single chromosome that is not replicated from the single diploid parent cell
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17
Q

Prophase I in meiosis:

What are tetrads?

A

Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down, homologous chromosomes align with each other in synapsis with the two copies of each gene on two different chromosomes brought closely together (tetrad)

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18
Q

Metaphase I in meiosis vs mitosis

A

Meiosis tetrads align at the metaphase plate

Mitosis sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate

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19
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of the sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to seperate during meiosis

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20
Q

If two homologous chromosomes fail to separate how many copies of the chromosomes will the resulting gametes have?

A

I: One will have four and the other will have none

2: Two will have two and two will have none

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21
Q

Trisomy and monosomy

A

When a gamete from non-disjunction fuses with.a normal gamete to create a zygote with either three copies of a chromosome (trisomy) or one copy (monosomy)

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22
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

Two alleles of an individual are separated and passed on to the next generation singly

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23
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Alleles of one gene will separate into gametes independently of alleles for another gene

If G is green an g is yellow and W is wrinkly and w and smooth then G and W will be inherited independently of one another

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24
Q

Cross

A

Tool to discern genotypes by looking at the phenotypes of progeny from a cross

25
Q

Pure-breeding strain

A

mating yellow plants with yellow plants produces yellow plants

26
Q

Testcross

A

One individual is crossed with another that has a homozygous recessive genotype

Allows the alleles from one parent to be displayed phenotypically when the other parent is homozygous recessive

27
Q

Progeny of a test cross is called the

A

F1 generation

28
Q

Probability rules:

Rule of multiplication
Rule of addition

A

M: probability of BOTH event A and event B happening is the product of both their probabilities

A: probability of EITHER event A or event B is the sum of their probabilities

29
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Specific gene does not have one dominant gene but multiple (R for red and W for white for plant color: what would RW express? Pink)

30
Q

Codominance

A

Two alleles are expressed but are not blended

For example blood type: IA and IB would be AB rather than a new blended product

31
Q

Pleiotropism

A

Expression alerts many different, seemingly unrelated aspects of the total phenotype

For ex: a mutation of one gene may affect the heart, bone and inner ears

32
Q

Polygenism

A

Complex traits that are influenced by many different genes

33
Q

Penetrance

A

Likelihood of a person with a given genotype to express that phenotype (spectrum of options)
-Alleles, mutations, also effected

34
Q

Epitasis

A

Expression of alleles for one gene is dependent on a different gene

(Can’t express curly hair gene if other gene says bald)

35
Q

Male or female gamete determines sex of embryo?

A

Father because he either donates X or Y in meiosis

36
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits that are determined by genes on the X or Y chromosome because of their unique patterns of expression and inheritance

37
Q

Linkage

A

Genes on the same chromosome may not display independent assortment

38
Q

Genes close to one another on the chromosome will be inherited

A

Not independently

39
Q

If the color and height gene display linkage is it possible to predict the possible gametes of TTgg individual? A TtGg individual?

A

TTgg will just be Tg despite location

TtGg cannot be predicted because on each allele could be TG, tg, tG, or Tg

40
Q

Exception to linkage:

A

Meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes can separate alleles located on the same chromosome

41
Q

A cross involving genes on the same chromosome result will

A

Intermediate between linkage and independent assortment

42
Q

Farther apart two genes are, ____ likely to undergo recombination

A

More

43
Q

If genes are located far enough apart they will display

A

NO linkage because recombination will be so great and will assort independently

44
Q

Frequency of recombination

A

(#recombination) / (#offspring)

45
Q

Progeny

A

Offspring

46
Q

Autosomal Recessive

A

2 copies of the gene are required to display the trait
No sex basis
Can skip generation

47
Q

Autosomal Dominant

A

Single copy of the allele required for trait to be displayed

Not sex linked

Affected parent passes to all (AA) or 50% (Aa) of children

48
Q

Mitochondrial traits

A

Inherited from mother because she passes on organelles (inc. mitochondria which has a genome)

All of affected females offspring has the trait
Individual cannot inherit mitochondrial traits from their father

A

49
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits located on the X or Y chromosome

50
Q

Can a father pass a Y linked trait to his daughter?

Can males be carriers of recessive Y-linked traits without expressing them?

A

No

No because the Y-linked traits are carried in only one copy males will always express recessive traits on the Y chromosome

Affected father has all affected sons
Unaffected father cannot have affected son

51
Q

Do women always express X-linked recessive genes?

Do men always express X-linked recessive genes?

A

No only express them when they are homozygous

Yes-they only have one copy

Can skip generations

SO X LINKED TRAITS AFFECT MEN MORE THAN WOMEN

52
Q

X-linked dominant

A

Affected fathers have all affected daughters, no affected sons
Affected mothers can have unaffected sons or daughters (passes equally to sons and daughters)

Does not skip generations

53
Q

Gene pool

A

Sum total of all genetic information in population

54
Q

Henry Weinberg Law

A

Frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population will not change overtime

55
Q

Assumptions that the Henry Weinberg Law assumes (5)

A
  1. No mutations
  2. No migration
  3. No natural selection
  4. Random mating
  5. Large enough pop to prevent random drift in allele frequencies

IRL: isn’t realistic

56
Q

Henry-weinburg implications at the molecular level

A

Segregation of alleles, independent assortment and recombination during meiosis can alter the combinations of alleles in gametes but cannot increase or decrease the frequency of an allele in the gametes of one individual or the gametes of the population as a whole

57
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

where:
p^2=
2pq=
q^2=

A 
p^2= frequency of the GG 
2pq= frequency of the Gg
q^2= frequency of the gg
58
Q

Hardy-weinburg equilibrium

A

After one generation allele frequencies no longer change

My MCAT Biology (13 decks)

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