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My MCAT Biology > Lymphatic & Immune Systems > Flashcards

Lymphatic & Immune Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphatic System is a ___ system that begins with ___ which merge to form ___ which merge to form ___

A

One way
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic ducts

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2
Q

Lymphatic systems acts as a suction pump to retrieve ___, ___ and ___ from ___

A

Water, proteins and WBC from the tissues

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3
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid in the lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph filters

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5
Q

Lymph nodes role in the immune system

A

Contain WBC which initiate immune response against foreign bodies picked up by the lymph

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6
Q

Large lymphatic ducts merge to form the _____ which is the

A

Thoracic duct

Largest lymphatic vessel found in the chest

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7
Q

Role of the thoracic duct

A

Empty into a large vein near the neck

Also lymphatic vessels from the intestines dump dietary fats into the thoracic duct

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8
Q

Innate immunity

A

General, non-specific protection the body provides against various invaders

Simplest = skin

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9
Q

Innate immunity core components:

  1. Skin
  2. Tears, saliva and blood contain _____ which is:
  3. _____ of stomach destroys many pathogens
  4. Macrophages and neutrophils ________
  5. _______ is a group of 20 blood proteins which can __________, leading to their destruction
A
  1. Skin
  2. Tears, saliva and blood contain Lysozyme which is an enzyme that kills bacteria by destroying cell walls
  3. Extreme acidity of stomach destroys many pathogens
  4. Macrophages and neutrophils INDISCRIMINATELY phagocyte micro-oganisms
  5. Complement system is a group of 20 blood proteins which can nonspecifically bind to the surface of foreign cells, leading to their destruction
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10
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Specific protection by antibodies aka immunoglobulins

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11
Q

Antibodies structure

A

Light and heavy chain components joined by disulfide bonds

Constant region and variable (antigen binding) region

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12
Q

Antigen function

A

Binds to microorganisms that have been specifically recognized leading to their destruction and removal from the body

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13
Q

Immunoglobiulins/antibodies are differentiated by their:

Most of the antibodies circulating in the plasma is the ____ class

A

Constant region

IgG class

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14
Q

Molecule that an antibody binds to is the

A

Antigen

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15
Q

Small site in which an antibody recognizes within a larger antigen is called an

A

Epitope

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16
Q

Protein enabling the production of antibodies is called the ___ and the molecule becoming antigenic is called the ___

A

Carrier

Hapten

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17
Q

When an antibody binds to an antigen any of the following happens to initiate removal from the body:

A
  1. Binding directly inactivates antigen
  2. Binding can induce phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils
  3. Presence of antibodies on the surface of the cell can activate the complement system to form holes in the cell membrane and lyse the cell
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18
Q

Antibodies are produced by

A

B cells

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19
Q

Antigen produced by a cell can recognize ___

But B cells can produce ___

A

Only one type of antigen

All types of antibodies to recognize their antigen

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20
Q

When antigen binds to the antibody of the specific immature B cell, the cell is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into two kinds of cells:

A

Plasma cells: produce and secrete antibody protein into plasma

Memory cells: Produced from the same clone and have same variable regions but don’t secrete antibody., just are pre-activated B-cells that wait for the same antibody to appear before activation

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21
Q

If activation of the memory cell occurs

A

Start producing antibody very quickly, so quickly that no symptoms of illness appear (Clonal selection)

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22
Q

Clonal selection

A

B cells memory cells target antigens already seen by the immune system

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23
Q

Primary immune response

A

Can take a week or more for B cells to proliferate and secrete significant levels of antibody on the first exposure

Too slow to prevent symptoms from occuring

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24
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Second exposure to specific antibody is stronger and swifter and symptoms don’t develop

“Immunity” due to presence of memory cells

25
Q

Vaccination

A

Used to improve response to infections by exposing the immune system to an antigen associated with a disease so that the secondary immune response builds up before pathogen is encountered in the future

26
Q

IgM antibody location and function

A

Blood and B cell surface

Initial immune response, structure of blood, structure of B cell as antigen receptor

27
Q

IgG antibody location and function

A

Blood

Ongoing immune response, majority antibody in blood, can cross placenta

28
Q

IgD antibody location and function

A

B cell surface

Serves IgM as antigen receptor on B cells

29
Q

IgA antibody location and function

A

B cell surface

Serves with IgM as antigen receptor on B cells

30
Q

IgE antibody location and function

A

Blood

Allergic reactions

31
Q 
Two types of T cells: 
T helpers (CD4)
T killers (CD8)
What are their roles?
A

CD4: Activate B cells, T killer cells and other immune cells
-Central controller of immune response
CD8: Destroy abnormal host cells

32
Q

T helpers communicate with otters cells by releasing ___ and ___

A

special hormones called lymphokines and interleukins

33
Q

T helper cell is the host of the virus

A

HIV

34
Q

T killer role to destroy abnormal host cells such as

A

Virus-infected host cells
Cancer cells
Foreign cells such as skin graft given by incompatible donor

35
Q

“T” in T-cell stands for :

A

Thymus

They develop in the thymus gland during childhood in bone marrow

36
Q

T cell receptor

A

Protein on the T-cell surface that can bind antigen

37
Q

How do T-cells recognize. an antigen?

A

Bind to the proteins on its surface for examination

38
Q

Major histocompatibility complex

A

Cell-surface proteins so that immune system can keep an eye on whats going on inside every cell

39
Q

Two kinds of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) are ___ and ____
Where are they found?

A

MHC I: on surface of every nucleated cell in the body

MHC II: only certain special cells have them

40
Q

Function of MHC I

A

Randomly pick up peptides from the inside of the cell and display them on the surface allowing T-cells to monitor cellular contents

EX: cell with protein gets piece of protein exposed by MHC I and T-killer cell comes to destroy it

41
Q

Function of MHC II

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) that phagocyte proteins or cells and display fragments using the MHC II display system when T helpers then recognize and bind to

42
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

MHC II and macrophages and B cells

43
Q

MHC II Display System alerts T-helpers and they bind to the cell

A

T-helper will activate B-cells that are specific for that antigen and stimulate proliferation of T-killer cells

Activated B-cells mature into plasma cells and secrete antibodies specific for the antigen

44
Q

Full activation of T cells only occurs when

A

T cell binds to both antigen and the MHC molecule

45
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Site of synthesis of all the cells of blood from stem cells

46
Q

Spleen

A

Filters the blood and is a site of immune cell interactions like lymph nodes

Destroys aged RBC

47
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation

Shrinks in size in adults because the maturation of the immune system and T cells are most active in children

48
Q

Tonsils

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat which help catch pathogens that enter the body via respiration or ingestion

Not required for survival, removed if infected

49
Q

Appendix

A

Found near the beginning of the large intestine

Mass of lymphatic tissue which helps catch pathogens that enter the body

Not required for survival, removed if infected

50
Q

Tolerance of the immune system

A

Ideally, the immune system should only destroy foreign antigens, not its normal proteins and cell structures

51
Q

Self antigens

A

Antigens destroying normal cells

52
Q

How does the body deal with the production of self-antigens

A

B-cells and T-cells must go through a selection process in order to eliminate self-reactive cells

53
Q

B-cells the selection process to prevent self-antigens occurs in the

A

Bone Marrow and lymph nodes

54
Q

B-cells whose surface receptors bind to normal cell surface proteins are

B-cells whose surface receptors bind to normal soluble proteins

A

Induced to die through apoptosis

Become unresponsive or anergic

55
Q

T cells the selection process to prevent self-antigens occurs in the

A

Thymus or lymph nodes

56
Q

Immature T-cells whose receptors bind normal proteins become

A

Anergic

57
Q

Clone selection is. response to antigen recognition process in T-cells vs B-cells

A

Same

58
Q

Autoimmune reaction

A

Immune system attacks normal body cells or proteins

i.e., diabetes, arthritis, Grave’s disease, myasthenia graves and celiac disease

59
Q

Autoimmune diseases are often treated with

A

Immuno-suppresant drugs with steroids to reduce inflammatory response

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