Project Finance Flashcards
What is the contract sum?
- Amount specified at the outset (ex VAT) for completion of the works
- Can only be altered as the work proceeds according to the contract conditions (changes, loss and expense, expenditure against provisional sum, acceleration, fluctuations)
- Errors in the computation of the contract sum, whether arithmetic or not, are deemed to be accepted by both parties
What are preliminaries and what are included as standard (NRM2)?
Items that are not directly related to any component, element, or work section (i.e. measured works). Split in contract between:
1) Information and requirements
2) Pricing schedule
Includes as standard:
- management/staff
- site establishment
- security
- safety and environmental protection
- control and protection
- mechanical plant
- temporary works
- site records
- completion and post-completion requirements
- cleaning
- fees and charges
- insurances, bonds, guarantees and warranties
What is an order of cost estimate?
A high-level cost estimate usually based on a single quantity (e.g. cost per m2)
- Determines possible construction costs of project
- Used to establish whether project is viable
- Makes employer aware of likely financial commitment
- Completed in RIBA Stages 0&1
- % for professional fees
What is a provisional sum and how is it expended?
A provisional sum is an allowance included at tender for a specific element of the works that is not yet defined in enough detail to accurately price.
Needs to be instructed (JCT) by Contract Administrator and should be add/omit on instruction.
Defined: PS accounted for in contractor’s price and programme. Prelims assumed to be included.
Undefined: Might relate to work not designed. PS not accounted for in contractor’s price, client takes the risk and contractor may be entitled to EoT and loss/expense.
No PS in NEC contracts.
What is the purpose of cost planning?
- Ensure employers are provided with value for money
- Make employers and designers aware of the cost implications of their proposals
- Keep expenditure within cost limit approved by the employer
- Provide robust cost information upon which the employer can make informed decisions
What is a cost plan?
- Estimated cost into a structural element or functional format
- Provides a comprehensive economic picture of the whole building project
- Used by the QS to control the development of the design
- Identifies the client’s agreed cost limit and how the money is going to be allocated to different parts of the building
What are the key cost planning stages?
- RIBA 0/1: Order of cost estimate
- RIBA 2: Formal cost plan 1 - based on £/m2 elemental breakdown
- RIBA 3: Formal cost plan 2 - based on detailed measured quantities, £/m2 per item
- RIBA 4: Formal cost plan 3 - send to tender
- Pre-tender estimate
- Post-tender estimate
Name some factors that can impact project costs?
Procurement:
- Proportion of risk allocation (contractors will price for risk)
- Contract type - lump sum / target / reimbursement
Design:
- Complexity
- Specification
- Use of BIM
- Value engineering
Construction:
- Construction method
- Volume of variations
External:
- Legislation / planning obligations
What benefit does client get out of cost planning?
- Affordability
- Helps develop design to meet budget
- Value management tool
What risk allowances should be included within a cost plan?
- Design development risks
- Construction risks
- Employer change risks
- Employer other risks (e.g. acceleration, postponement, availability of funds, etc.)
What is benchmarking and what sources of benchmark cost data can be used?
The use of historical data from projects of a similar nature as a comparison or cost check of the cost of a project.
- In house (previous projects)
- Building Cost Information Service (BCIS)
- Benchmark from previous client projects
- Pricing books (SPONS)
- Cost models / published data
What are the options for different types of pricing documents?
- Bill of Quantities
- Schedule of Rates
- Contract Sum Analysis
- Schedule of Work / Activity Schedule
What are the different ways to price a project?
- Lump Sum
- Cost reimbursable
- Re-measurement
- Target Cost
- Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
What is a lump sum contract?
- Fixed sum
- Used when the employer can define what is required, e.g. drawings and specifications, or performance specifications
What is a re-measurement contract?
- Contractor paid for the actual work done (quantities)
- Price based on approximate quantity rates in BoQ or Schedule of Rates provided
- Actual work is priced against agreed rates
What is a reimbursable / prime cost contract?
- Contractor completes work then is paid for their costs plus a pre-agreed mark up
- Used where the definition of work is inadequate for the contractor to price, yet an early start is required
- Suitable for maintenance / refurbishment / emergency work
What is a target price contract?
- Reimbursable contract with target price to incentivise the contractor
- Target price includes contractor’s cost plus % for OH&P
- Risk is shared through pain/gain
- At end of contract the contractor is paid (or pays) his share of difference between target and actual cost plus OH&P