Progressive Neurodegenerative Diseases Flashcards
Multiple Sclerosis
- Immunological / neurodegenerative disease
- Immune system attacks myelin sheath around brain,
- Chronic inflammation / diffuse demyelination to white / gray
- Formation of plaques/scar tissue
MS Etiology
- Unknown
- Hypothesis: genetics (polygenetic)
- Familial recurrence rate of 20%
- Smoking
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Heavy metal toxins in the environment
- History of viral infections
MS Incidence and Prevalence
- Most common among people under age 40
- 10 to 18 per 100,000 people per year
- 1% of US population, rate increasing
- Less likely to have MS living by equator
- Affects females more
- Scandinavian / Scottish descent more susceptible
- 2x more common among
MS Signs and Symptoms
-location determines deficit
Motor, sensory, visual, and autonomic systems affected
* Visual deficits
* Urinary incontinence or retention
* Weakness
* Pain
* Spasticity
* Ataxia, dysphagia, dysarthria
* Vestibular dysfunction
* Cognitive or emotional disturbances
* Sensory Disturbances
* Dysesthesia / paresthesia
* Erectile dysfunction
* Gross / fine motor incoordination
* Fatigue
MS Course and Prognosis*
- Dx between age 20 to 40 yrs old
- 30yrs old peak onset
- Not common in > 60 yrs old
- 4 patterns:
Benign
Relapsing -remitting-non-progressive
Relapsing-remitting-progressive
Primary progressive
Relapsing-remitting-non-progressive
Person returns to the previous level of function after each exacerbation with no residual deficits.
Benign
Person experiences one or two episodes of neurological deficits with no residual impairments
Relapsing-remitting-progressive
Person has some residual impairment with each remission
Primary progressive
Steady decline in function without remissions and exacerbations
MS Medical / Surgical Management
- Disease-modifying drugs
-Beta-blockers - Spasticity - Anticholinergics - Dysphagia
- Antidepressants
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - Intended for Alzheimer’s Disease but used to treat cognitive symptoms
- Steroids - Nerve Inflammation
- Cannabis extract
- Pain Killers
-ot/pt
Parkinson’s Disease Description and Definitions
- Death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
- Presence of Lewy bodies; abnorm formation of proteins within cell
body / neurons - Decrease dopamine = deficits in speed / quality of motor
movements, cognitive skills, postural stability, affective expression - Serotonergic denervation
- Slower pace than dopaminergic death
PD Etiology
- Some evidence; genetic + environmental factors
- Familial PD – genetic association
- Sporadic PD – environmental factors
Hx of head trauma
Dietary intake (too much iron)
Exposure to environmental elements
Beta-blockers and antipsychotics
PD Incidence and Prevalence
- 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorder
- ~ 1million cases in US; age >60 yrs old
- More common in Europe, North America, South America
- 10% - 18% / 100,000 people / yr
- Affects males slightly more
- Greatest among Hispanics in US
PD Signs and Primary Symptoms
- Muscle rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Resting tremor
Hyposmia (reduced olfactory sense) - Fatigue
- Depression
- Rapid eye movement (REM)
- Sleep behavior disorder
- Constipation
-all different
PD Signs and secondary Symptoms
-Gait disturbances
-Micrographia (small handwriting)
-Dexterity and coordination difficulties
* Involuntary immobilization
-Cognitive impairments
-all different
PD Course and Prognosis
- 1st dx older than 50 yrs
- Avg onset 60 yrs old
- Slow and progressive
Preclinical period-
Neurons have begun to degenerate, but no symptoms are yet evident