diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
A group of metabolic conditions characterized by a
* Deficiency of insulin
* Reduced sensitivity to insulin
* Combination of both
Insulin
-transports glucose into cells
-* A hormone produced by the pancreas
* Regulates glucose (sugar) metabolism
-devastating effects on multiple tissues and organ systems
Hyperglycemia
Resulting condition that is caused by the build up
of glucose in bloodstream due to lack of insulin
Type 1
Frequently occurs in children
Complete insulin deficiency, insulin replacement required
Type 1A associated with an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1B lacking the same
Type 2 (Non–insulin-dependent or adult-onset)
Pancreas secretes insulin, resistance to insulin or insufficient amounts
Hyperglycemia
Typically obese individuals / occurs with increasing age
Gestational Diabetes
Transient; 1st appears during pregnancy
Typically requires no further treatment after delivery
Prediabetes (In-between zone)
Between normal blood glucose levels / meeting dx criteria for diabetes
Impaired fasting / tolerance glucose levels
Hygiene hypothesis
improved hygiene practices are decreasing childhood exposure to infectious agents and subsequent opportunities for immune system development leading to a rise in autoimmune diseases
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
in type 1
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Increased hunger
Diabetic ketoacidosis
in type 1
Buildup of ketones in the bloodstream; life-threatening
Systemic complications: in type 2
Neuropathy
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Nephropathy
-Disease of the kidneys caused by damage to the small blood vessels or to the units in the
kidneys that clean the blood
Retinopathy
- Disease of the retina which results in impairment or loss of vision
Neuropathy
-Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or
weakness.
Hyperglycemia
- Condition of too little insulin causing abnormally high blood glucose levels.
- Intensive insulin therapy slows the development of long-term
complications
Macrovascular
large blood vessels)
Peripheral artery disease
- Increased arterial blood flow to the extremities, stomach, and kidney
- Claudication (pain or discomfort during walking or exercise that resolves with rest)
- Resting pain
Microvascular complications
small vessel)
Neurodegeneration (type 2)
- Type 2 diabetes can exacerbate the neurodegenerative process but the exact mechanism
is not well understood - AD
Autonomic neuropathy
- Damage to autonomic nerves that innervate organs
- Cardiac autonomic neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy (type 1 & 2)
- Burning pain; stabbing, prickly, or tingling sensation; or numbness and lack of protective sensation
Diabetic Foot
- Foot ulcers and infections common due to Autonomic neuropathy which results in dry, cracked skin
-pain and bad blood supply
-may result in amputation
Diabetic ketoacidosis
rding to 2 sources
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes. The condition develops when the body can’t produce enough insulin.
End-stage renal disease
ccurs when chronic kidney disease — the gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state.
Fasting plasma glucose
measures the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
Hemoglobin A1c
blood test that shows what your average blood sugar (glucose) level was over the past two to three months
Peripheral artery disease
narrowing of arteries = reduced blood flow
