diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)

Answer 1

A group of metabolic conditions characterized by a
* Deficiency of insulin
* Reduced sensitivity to insulin
* Combination of both

Question 2

Insulin

Answer 2

-transports glucose into cells
-* A hormone produced by the pancreas
* Regulates glucose (sugar) metabolism
-devastating effects on multiple tissues and organ systems

Question 3

Hyperglycemia

Answer 3

Resulting condition that is caused by the build up
of glucose in bloodstream due to lack of insulin

Question 4

Type 1

Answer 4

 Frequently occurs in children
 Complete insulin deficiency, insulin replacement required
 Type 1A associated with an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
 Type 1B lacking the same

Question 5

Type 2 (Non–insulin-dependent or adult-onset)

Answer 5

 Pancreas secretes insulin, resistance to insulin or insufficient amounts
 Hyperglycemia
 Typically obese individuals / occurs with increasing age

Question 6

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 6

 Transient; 1st appears during pregnancy
 Typically requires no further treatment after delivery

Question 7

Prediabetes (In-between zone)

Answer 7

 Between normal blood glucose levels / meeting dx criteria for diabetes
 Impaired fasting / tolerance glucose levels

Question 8

Hygiene hypothesis

Answer 8

improved hygiene practices are decreasing childhood exposure to infectious agents and subsequent opportunities for immune system development leading to a rise in autoimmune diseases

Question 9

Polydipsia
Polyuria
 Polyphagia

Answer 9

in type 1
 Increased thirst
 Frequent urination
 Increased hunger

Question 10

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 10

in type 1
 Buildup of ketones in the bloodstream; life-threatening

Question 11

Systemic complications: in type 2
 Neuropathy
 Retinopathy
 Nephropathy

Answer 11

 Nephropathy
-Disease of the kidneys caused by damage to the small blood vessels or to the units in the
kidneys that clean the blood
 Retinopathy
- Disease of the retina which results in impairment or loss of vision
 Neuropathy
-Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or
weakness.

Question 12

Hyperglycemia

Answer 12

• Condition of too little insulin causing abnormally high blood glucose levels.
• Intensive insulin therapy slows the development of long-term
  complications

Question 13

Macrovascular

Answer 13

large blood vessels)

Question 14

Peripheral artery disease

Answer 14

• Increased arterial blood flow to the extremities, stomach, and kidney
• Claudication (pain or discomfort during walking or exercise that resolves with rest)
• Resting pain

Question 15

Microvascular complications

Answer 15

small vessel)

Question 16

Neurodegeneration (type 2)

Answer 16

• Type 2 diabetes can exacerbate the neurodegenerative process but the exact mechanism
  is not well understood
• AD

Question 17

Autonomic neuropathy

Answer 17

• Damage to autonomic nerves that innervate organs
• Cardiac autonomic neuropathy

Question 18

Peripheral neuropathy (type 1 & 2)

Answer 18

• Burning pain; stabbing, prickly, or tingling sensation; or numbness and lack of protective sensation

Question 19

Diabetic Foot

Answer 19

• Foot ulcers and infections common due to Autonomic neuropathy which results in dry, cracked skin
  -pain and bad blood supply
  -may result in amputation

Question 20

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 20

rding to 2 sources
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes. The condition develops when the body can’t produce enough insulin.

Question 21

End-stage renal disease

Answer 21

ccurs when chronic kidney disease — the gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state.

Question 22

Fasting plasma glucose

Answer 22

measures the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood

Question 23

Hemoglobin A1c

Answer 23

blood test that shows what your average blood sugar (glucose) level was over the past two to three months

Question 24

Peripheral artery disease

Answer 24

narrowing of arteries = reduced blood flow

Question 25

Prediabetes

Answer 25

before development of type 2